Conditions We Treat

Abdominal Pain: Outpatient

In this Helping Hand™ document, we discuss what steps to take if the cause of your child's abdominal pain cannot be determined. It is important that you watch your child closely for the next 24 hours and go back to your child’s doctor or the emergency department if they show more serious symptoms.

Acanthosis Nigricans

Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a dark patch that appears on a child's neck, armpit, under the breast or a skin crease. It is usually a sign that the body is making extra insulin that it cannot use well. Eating a healthy diet and increasing physical activity are steps to help cure acanthosis nigricans.

Acne

In this Helping Hand™ document, we discuss the causes and treatment of acne. Acne is one of the most common skin problems that young people have. Almost everyone will develop acne to some degree and some people have more pimples than others. Treatment often requires time, patience and medicine.

Active Tuberculosis Disease

In this Helping Hand™ document, we discuss Tuberculosis (TB). Active TB disease (the common name for Mycobacterium tuberculosis) is contagious. It is most often spread through the air. The standard of care for treatment of active TB is daily administration of medicines from health department nurses.

Allergic Rhinitis

In this Helping Hand™ document, we discuss allergic rhinitis. There are two main types of allergic rhinitis: seasonal (occurs certain times of the year) and perennial (happens all year). When symptoms occur in late summer or early fall, some people call it hayfever. Small changes at home can help.

Allergies to Foods

A food allergy occurs when the body’s immune system overreacts to certain foods. The body then makes antibodies to that food and an allergic reaction occurs. Anaphylaxis is a severe and possibly life-threatening reaction. If a severe reaction occurs, use the EpiPen and call 9-1-1 immediately.

Allergy to Dust Mites

Dust mites are tiny insects that live indoors. They thrive in pillows, mattresses, box springs, blankets, rugs and carpets, stuffed animals and upholstered furniture such as couches.

Allergy to Latex

Latex is a common allergy. Learn about what causes it, signs, symptoms and more.

Allergy to Mold

Mold is a fungus that can be found almost anywhere, both indoors and outside. There are many different types of mold. Only a few cause an allergic reaction.

Allergy to Stinging Insects

In this Helping Hand™ document, we discuss local and systemic reactions to stinging insects. The most common stinging insects found in the Ohio area are honeybees, wasps, yellow jackets and hornets. Doctors often prescribe an automatic injector device such as an EpiPen® to treat severe reactions.

Ankle Sprain

An ankle sprain is a stretching or tearing of the ligaments. Signs of an ankle injury include pain, swelling or trouble walking. This often happens after an injury that involves twisting or rolling of the ankle. Sprains can often be treated at home, but a doctor may need to be seen if symptoms remain.

Anorectal Malformation (ARM) or Imperforate Anus: Female

In this Helping Hand™ document, we discuss the symptoms and treatment of anorectal malformations (imperforate anus) in females. Different types of ARMs include perineal fistula, vestibular fistula, cloaca and no fistula. Young girls may be at risk for urology problems and gynecology problems.

Anorectal Malformation (ARM) or Imperforate Anus: Male

In this Helping Hand™ document, we discuss the symptoms and treatment of anorectal malformations (imperforate anus) in males. Different types of ARMs include perineal fistula, rectourethral fistula, cloaca and no fistula. Young boys may be at risk for urology, spine and sacrum problems.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear

In this Helping Hand™ document, we discuss injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The ACL is one of four main ligaments in the knee. Surgery to rebuild the ACL is called arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. It usually takes 6 to 9 months of recovery before returning to normal activities.

Apnea

In this Helping Hand™ document, we discuss apnea, which is a pause in breathing that lasts 20 seconds or longer for full-term infants. There are many reasons why a baby may have periods of apnea including brain immaturity, neurological issues, heart disease, gastrointestinal issues and others.

Asthma and Reactive Airway Disease (RAD) (Wheezing)

Asthma is a disease of the lungs in which the airways are sensitive to things in the air. During a flare-up the airways swell and fill with mucus. The muscles around the airways also tighten and squeeze. This can cause noisy breathing or wheezing. Asthma action plans involve taking rescue medicine.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) begins before a child is 7 years old. One out of 12 children have ADHD. It occurs more often in boys than in girls. Children with ADHD may be bright and creative but may have difficulty with learning or behavior.

Autosomal Dominant Opitz G/BBB Syndrome

22q.11.2 deletion syndrome includes the autosomal dominant form of Opitz G/BBB Syndrome.

Bacterial Vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis or BV is an infection of the vagina. BV is not a sexually transmitted disease. It is an overgrowth of specific anaerobic bacteria (bacteria that do not need oxygen to grow) in the vagina. Women with BV report a fishy-smelling discharge (fluid) that is white to gray in color.

Becker Muscular Dystrophy

Becker muscular dystrophy is the same basic disease as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, except it is less common and the symptoms are milder and slower to progress.

Branchial Cleft Cyst/Sinus/Fistula

During early prenatal development, gill-like structures (branchial) usually resorb but in rare circumstances, they may remain. These are referred to as branchial anomalies. They include branchial sinus, branchial fistula and branchial cyst. Branchial anomalies can be removed surgically.

Bronchiolitis

Bronchiolitis is an infection of the small airways (bronchioles) caused by a virus. The most common viruses that cause it are RSV (respiratory syncytial virus), para influenza virus, rhinovirus (common cold), human metapneumovirus and adenovirus. Bronchiolitis is also often called "RSV infection."

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

BPD is a chronic lung disease. It happens in babies who are born prematurely and who have had breathing problems. Learn more about this condition.

Cayler Cardiofacial Syndrome

Cayler Cardiofacial Syndrome is also known as 22q.11.2 deletion syndrome.

Cerebral Palsy (CP)

Cerebral Palsy is an injury or abnormality of the developing brain that affects movement. This means that something happened to the brain or the brain did not develop normally. 

Chest Wall Tumors

A variety of soft tissue tumors can present in the chest wall, including benign conditions, such as neurofibromas, and malignant tumors, such as soft tissue sarcomas.

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus. The usual symptoms are an itchy skin rash that looks like little blisters filled with fluid, less energy than usual, poor appetite and mild fever. Chickenpox is spread through the air or by coming in contact with an infected person.

Chlamydia

Anyone who has sex has a chance of getting chlamydia. Those who have had more than one partner are at greater risk. Most people who have Chlamydia have no symptoms and do not realize they have the infection.

Clubfoot

A clubfoot is a foot disorder in which the foot turns inward and downward at birth and remains tight in this position. This Helping Hand will explain how this can be treated.

Colic

Colic is when a healthy baby cries more than 3 hours a day for 3 or more days in a week. If this happens 3 weeks in a row, your baby may have colic.

Congenital Hypothyroidism

When a baby is born without enough thyroid hormone, it is called congenital hypothyroidism.

Congestive Heart Failure

Congestive heart failure happens when the heart does not pump enough blood to the body for normal function and activity. Learn more about signs and symptoms and treatment for this condition.

Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)

Conjunctivitis may be caused by germs (viruses or bacteria), an allergy, or by something that gets into the eye. Conjunctivitis caused by germs is very contagious.

Conotruncal Anomaly Face Syndrome

Conotruncal Anomaly Face Syndrome is also known as 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

Constipation and Fecal Soiling

Fecal soiling is the leakage of stool that a child cannot control. Learn more about this condition.

Constipation: Child Over One Year of Age

Constipation in children can cause concern for parents. Sometimes children have poor stooling habits because they are not encouraged to go to the bathroom on a regular schedule. Sometimes, they are just "too busy" playing or doing something else to spend enough time on the toilet to stool.

Constipation: Infant

Constipation in infants less than one year of age is common, but it can be a concern for parents. Signs of constipation include infrequent stools that are difficult to pass and straining more than normal to have a bowel movement. Even if a baby is not constipated, bowel movements may be irregular.

Cradle Cap

Read more about what causes cradle cap and what you can do to treat it. 

Croup

Croup is an illness that is usually caused by a virus. The tissues of the windpipe (trachea) and voice box (larynx) become swollen, which makes it harder for air to get into the lungs. Croup can cause a barky cough or hoarse voice. You may also hear a high-pitched squeaking sound called stridor.

Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease. It is not contagious. CF affects the digestive system and the glands in the lungs that produce mucus. It also affects the glands that produce sweat and saliva. 

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a blood clot that has formed in a large blood vessel. It may completely or partially block the blood flow in that vein.

Dehydration

Prevent your child from getting dehydrated with this Helping Hand.

Diabetes: Ketoacidosis (DKA)

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (KEY toe as i DOE sis), also known as DKA, is a serious complication of diabetes.

Diabetes: Type 2

Type 2 diabetics may produce some insulin but not enough, or else the body does not recognize the insulin. If your child has Type 2 diabetes, his body either does not make enough insulin or his body cannot properly use the insulin it makes.

Diaper Dermatitis (Diaper Rash)

Diaper rash happens when urine and bowel movements irritate your baby’s skin. This Helping Hand will teach you how to prevent and treat diaper rash.

Diarrhea

Diarrhea is a common problem of young children. Diarrhea may be caused by a serious illness, but usually it is only the result of a minor infection.

DiGeorge Syndrome

DiGeorge Syndrome is also known as 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

Distal Radius Buckle (Torus) Fracture

This fracture is a common injury in children. It is often caused from falling on the hand. 

Ear Infections (Otitis Media)

Otitis media (oh TIE tis ME dee uh) means the middle ear is infected or inflamed. It is the most common reason for young children to visit their primary care provider. Ear infections are usually seen in children younger than three years of age, but anyone of any age can get an ear infection.

Early Puberty in Boys

Puberty is the time when boys’ bodies and minds mature and they grow into young men. This usually starts when a boy is about 12 years old. Sometimes, a younger boy starts to show the signs of puberty. This is called precocious or early puberty. These early signs of puberty can be hard for a child.

Early Puberty in Girls

Puberty is the time when girls’ bodies and minds mature and they grow into young women. This usually starts when a girl is about 10 years old. Sometimes, a younger girl starts to show signs of puberty. This is called precocious or early puberty. These early signs of puberty can be hard for a child.

Eczema

Care for your child that has eczema with this Helping Hand.

Ehlers Danlos Syndrome with Associated Bleeding Disorders

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects mainly the skin and joints. A person is born with EDS.

Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy

Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy is a rare form of MD that affects only males. Symptoms may begin in childhood or adolescence. The condition causes slowly progressive (worsening) weakness in the muscles of the shoulders, upper arms, and lower legs and joint stiffness (contractures).

Enterovirus D68 Infographic

View an easy to read infographic that teaches you everything you need to know about Enterovirus D68.

Enuresis (Bedwetting)

Enuresis is the medical term for wetting the bed. It means a child urinates without meaning to.

EPT Chlamydia

Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. Learn more about this condition.

EPT Trichomoniasis

Learn more about one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, Trichomoniasis.

Ewing's Sarcoma

Ewing sarcoma is a form of cancer that usually starts in the bone. It is the second most common tumor of the bone.

Eye Injury Corneal Abrasion

An abrasion is an injury caused by something scratching or rubbing the surface of the eye. Trauma is the most common cause of corneal abrasion.

Facial Re-animation

Sometimes children are born without a facial nerve. More commonly, a child's facial nerve is damaged from an injury or during a surgical procedure such as tumor removal.

Factor V Leiden

Factor V Leiden is an inherited blood disorder.

Failure to Thrive In Infants

Failure to Thrive (FTT) describes an infant or child who does not gain weight at the expected rate.

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)

Familial adenomatous polyposis, is an inherited colorectal cancer syndrome that can be passed from one generation to the next by a specific error or mutation in the genetic code of the APC gene.

Febrile Seizures

Febrile seizures are brief and brought on by a fever. They do not cause brain damage, but they can be very upsetting to parents.

Fever

In this Helping Hand™, we discuss fever, which is an increase in the body’s temperature above the normal range. Most doctors agree that a temperature over 101° F is a fever. Fevers lower than 101° F don't need to be treated unless your child is uncomfortable or has a history of febrile seizures.

Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum)

Fifth disease is a mild illness caused by a virus. Symptoms include a blotchy rash that begins on the cheeks and spreads to the arms, legs and torso.

Flu

Learn more about the flu in this Helping Hand.

Folliculitis

This rash appears as small red bumps or pus bumps that can itch or be mildly painful.

Food Poisoning

When people eat tainted food, they can develop anything from a mild illness to a serious disease.  Learn what to look for in food poisoning. 

Frostbite

Frostbite is damage to the skin and underlying tissues caused by the cold. Rain, snow, water and wind can cause the skin to cool faster and may lead to frostbite.

Ganglion Cysts

A ganglion cyst is a fluid-filled lump under the skin, often over a joint or in a tendon in the hand or wrist. If the cyst appears on top of the wrist, it is called a dorsal wrist ganglion cyst. A cyst on the palm side of the wrist is a volar wrist ganglion cyst. These cysts are usually harmless.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) in Infants

Care for your child with GERDS with these helpful hints. 

Gastroschisis

Gastroschisis is a defect in the abdominal wall. Part of the intestine is outside of the baby's body, rather than inside the abdomen.

Genital Warts (HPV Infection)

Genital warts are skin-colored, cauliflower-like, painless growths. They are caused by the Human Papilloma Virus.

Genital Warts in Babies and Children

Genital warts are common skin-colored growths that are caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). In males, they can occur on the penis or around the rectum. In females, they can occur around the vagina or rectum. Treatment includes freezing with liquid nitrogen or applying topical medicine.

Gonorrhea

This Helping Hand will teach you about gonnorhea and how to treat it. 

Granuloma Annulare

Granuloma annulare is common, but no one knows what causes it. It is not infectious or contagious.

Graves' Disease

Graves’ disease is the most common kind of hyperthyroidism. It happens when a person’s immune system acts against his or her thyroid gland by mistake.

H1N1 (Influenza Virus)

Children under 5 years of age and young adults are at greater risk of illness from this virus. This is different from seasonal flu which usually is most severe in children younger than 2 years and the elderly.

Hand Eczema

Hand eczema can be chronic and hard to treat. It is more common in people who have a history of eczema on other parts of their bodies.

Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease

Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a common illness caused by a virus. Early symptoms of HFMD are much like a common cold. After a day or two, you might see small painful sores (ulcers) on the throat and tonsils and a rash of very small blisters or red spots on the hands, feet and diaper area.

Head Injury-Concussion

In this Helping Hand, learn more about head-injury concussions.

Head Injury-Inpatient

In this Helping Hand, learn more about inpatient head injuries.

Head Injury-Mild

In this Helping Hand, learn more about mild head injuries.

Head Lice

Lice are usually spread from child to child when sharing clothing, hats, scarves, combs, brushes, hair trims or helmets that have strands of hair with nits.

Headaches in Children

A headache is one of the most common complaints of children and teenagers. Fussiness, crankiness and not being able to sleep may be the only signs of head pain in children who are too young to tell you where they hurt. There are many different types of headaches.

Hemangioma

A hemangioma is a common vascular birthmark, made of extra blood vessels in the skin. It is a benign growth.

Hemophilia

Hemophilia is an inherited blood disorder. In hemophilia, a blood clotting factor is missing.

Hemophilia Carrier

A hemophilia carrier is a female who has the gene that causes hemophilia A or hemophilia B deficiency.

Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (HSP)

HSP results from inflammation of small blood vessels in the skin and other organs in the body.

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is caused by a virus found in feces, contaminated water and food that has been handled by infected persons

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is caused by a virus found in blood, semen, vaginal secretions and saliva. It is mainly spread through unprotected sexual activity or exposure to blood.

Hereditary Non-polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC)

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, often called HNPCC or Lynch Syndrome, is an inherited cancer syndrome that affects the digestive tract, reproductive tract and other major organs.

Herpes Simplex Virus

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a very contagious virus that causes infections. There are two types of HSV. One type (HSV-1) usually causes sores around the lips or inside the mouth that are sometimes called fever blisters or cold sores. The other type (HSV-2) usually causes sores on the genitals.

HiB Vaccine

Hidradenitis Supperativa (HS)

Hidradenitis suppurativa (hy drah duh NY tiss supp yoo ruh TY vuh) or HS is a long-term (chronic) skin condition. Plugged pores and red, tender bumps or boils begin deep in the skin around hair follicles that contain specific sweat glands called apocrine glands.

Hirschsprung Disease (HD)

In this Helping Hand™ document, we discuss Hirschprung disease. The symptoms of Hirschprung disease depend on the person’s age. Several tests may be done to see if a child has this condition. Resources are available to help better understand diagnostic tests and management programs.

HIV Infection/AIDS

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that causes a number of different health problems including AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). The HIV virus is passed from person to person in certain ways: Sexual contact (heterosexual and homosexual) Contact with blood from an infected

Hives

Hives, also called urticaria (yer ti CARE ee uh), are red, itchy, raised bumps or welts on the skin. They may be small, like mosquito bites, or many inches wide. Hives can appear alone, in a group or can connect with each other to cover bigger areas. When pressed, the center of the hive turns pale.

Hodgkins Lymphoma

Hodgkins Lymphoma (also known as Hodgkin’s Disease) is a form of cancer of the lymphatic (lim FA tik) system. The cause of Hodgkin Lymphoma is not known. The lymphatic system is a part of the circulatory system. It plays a main role in fighting infection.

Hyperhidrosis

Sweating (or perspiration) is a normal body function that helps to maintain the body temperature and prevent overheating. An increased, unusual amount of sweating is called hyperhidrosis (hie purr hie DROH sis). This is common, but can be embarrassing and frustrating.

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism (hi po THI roid izm) happens when the body does not make enough thyroid hormone. As a result, many body functions slow down. Under active thyroid is the most common thyroid problem. Sometimes hypothyroidism is caused by our own immune system.

Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)

Platelets are a kind of blood cell. These cells help the blood to clot after a person gets cut or bruised. The normal platelet count is between 150,000 and 450,000. A child with immune (ih MUNE)thrombocytopenia (THROM bow site oh PEE nia), or ITP, may have a platelet count of less than 1,000.

Impetigo

Impetigo is a common skin infection caused by bacteria.

Increased Intracranial Pressure

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) means greater than normal pressure on the brain. It results from a greater volume of fluid or swelling of the brain. Call 911 if your child loses consciousness or has convulsions (seizures) lasting longer than 5 minutes.

Influenza

nfluenza (in flu EN za), also known as “the flu,” is an illness caused by a virus. A child who has the flu may have some or all of these symptoms: High fever Headache Dry cough Sore throat Runny or stuffy nose Muscle aches Tiredness Stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea In some people, the

Intussusception (Inpatient)

Intussusception (In-TUSS-uh-SEP-shun) is a blockage of the intestines. It happens when one part of the intestine folds into another part. In most cases the cause is not known. It may occur any time between 3 months and 5 years of age, but is more common in children younger than 18 months.

Intussusception (Outpatient)

Intussusception (In-TUSS-uh-SEP-shun) is a blockage of the intestines. It happens when one part of the intestine folds into another part. In most cases the cause is not known. It may occur any time between 3 months and 5 years of age, but is more common in children younger than 18 months.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder that affects the large intestine (colon). Symptoms are caused by changes in how the GI tract works. IBS is a group of symptoms that occur together, not a disease.

Jaundice (Hyperbilirubinemia)

Jaundice, also called hyperbilirubinemia, means that there is a high level of bilirubin in the blood. This is a pigment that settles in body tissues and can make your baby’s skin look yellow. Jaundice often occurs in newborns. If high bilirubin levels are untreated they can cause serious problems.

Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome (JPS)

Juvenile polyposis syndrome is an inherited condition that is characterized by the development of hamartomatous polyps throughout the digestive tract.

Kawasaki Disease

Kawasaki  Disease, although rare, is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in the United States and Japan. More than 80% of the children who get it are younger than 5 years of age. It is more common in boys and in Asians and Asian-Americans.

Keratosis Pilaris

Keratosis pilaris is a dry skin type. It looks like dry, rough, small bumps that are flesh-colored or pink and can feel like sandpaper or chicken skin. It is not contagious and is usually not itchy. The most common areas for these bumps are on the back of the arms, front of the thighs and the face.

Laryngomalacia (Laryngeal Stridor)

Laryngomalacia (LAYR inn go mah LAY shah) is also called laryngeal stridor. It results from a weakness of parts of the voice box (larynx) that is present at birth. This condition can cause a high-pitched sound called stridor (STRI der). You may hear this sound when your child breathes in.

Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI)

Tuberculosis (too ber cu LOW sis), or TB, is the common name for a germ called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Persons with latent TB infection (LTBI) do not feel sick. They do not have any symptoms but can potentially develop active TB disease. Also, persons with LTBI are not contagious.

Leukemia

Although childhood cancer is rare, leukemia is the most common form. The cause of leukemia is not known, but we do know it is not contagious (“catching”). It is not thought to be hereditary (inherited from your parents).

Lichen Planus

Lichen planus (LIE kun PLAY nuss) is a rash that appears on the skin as shiny, flat bumps.The bumps may be clustered together in patches or dispersed (scattered far apart). They can be red or purple in color. The rash may be itchy.

Lichen Striatus

Lichen striatus (LY kuhn stry AY tuhs) is a rash that appears as pink or lightly-colored, scaly, flat bumps. Over the following weeks, these bumps come together to form a line or band on the skin. Sometimes the rash can appear inflamed or redder, with a thicker scale.

Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy

Limb-Girdle muscular dystrophy affects males and females. Most commonly it causes progressive (worsening) hip and shoulder muscle weakness that spreads to the arms, legs, and back. Symptoms usually begin between 8 and 15 years of age, and progress slowly.

Liver Disease

Liver disease occurs in children for a variety of reasons. Babies may have problems with inherited disease, despite having healthy parents. Congenital problems where the bile ducts don’t develop normally may also cause problems in babies.

Lyme Disease

Lyme disease is caused by ticks and is spread to humans through the bite of infected ticks. The ticks that carry Lyme disease are very small and hard to see - only as big as a sesame seed. Boys ages 5 to 19 are most at risk for Lyme disease but anyone can get it.

Mallet Finger

Mallet finger is an injury to the end of the finger. It is sometimes also called “baseball finger.” It occurs when an object (most often a ball) hits the tip of the finger. This forcibly bends the fingertip further than it should go. This causes damage to the extensor tendon.

Measles

Measles, also known as rubeola, is an infection caused by a virus. It is very contagious. It can be very serious in young children, adults over 20, pregnant women and people with a weakened immune system.

Meningitis

Meningitis is an infection of the meninges. These are the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.

Menstruation

Menstruation is a very normal and natural part of growing up and becoming a woman. Your body is going through many physical and emotional changes right now, and menstruation is just one part of these changes.

Migraine Headaches

Migraine headaches occur when there are changes in some of the nerves and blood vessels and are common in children.

Moles

Moles are areas of the skin where there are more cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells in the body that produce pigment, or color.

Molluscum

Molluscum are smooth, pearly, skin-colored, benign bumps on the skin. They begin as small bumps and they may grow as large as a pencil eraser.

Mononucleosis (Infectious)

Infectious mononucleosis, also known as “mono” or "the kissing disease," is an illness usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Some cases are caused by a virus called cytomegalovirus (CMV). The virus is contagious and spreads when someone comes in contact with an infected person’s saliva.

Mosquito-Borne Diseases

Mosquito-borne diseases are spread to people and animals by the bite of an infected mosquito.

Mouth Sores (Viral) Herpes Gingivostomatitis

Mouth sores (or Gingivostomatitis) can be caused by viruses and other illnesses. Some mouth sores are caused by the herpes virus. It is not caused by sexual activity nor related to it. Mouth sores can last from 7 to 10 days. They should heal without leaving a scar.

MRSA Infection in the Community (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus)

Staphylococcus aureus often simply called "staph," are common bacteria. In the United States, staph germs are some of the most common causes of skin infections.

Mumps

Mumps is an illness caused by a virus. The virus is spread through saliva, so you can catch mumps from being around someone who already has it.

Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy

Myotonic muscular dystrophy, also known as MMD or Steinert’s disease, is the most common form of MD in adults.

Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a disease of the bowel (intestine) of newborn infants.

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) is a condition that starts at birth when an infant’s mother has used drugs (legal or illegal) or alcohol during her pregnancy.

Nephrotic Syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome happens when protein passes from the kidneys into the urine through tiny filters in the kidneys. When this happens, there is too little protein in the blood.

Nevus Sebaceous

A nevus sebaceous is a type of birthmark that usually appears on the scalp. It may also appear on the face but this is less common. It is made of extra oil glands in the skin. It starts as a flat pink or orange plaque (slightly raised area). A nevus sebaceous does not go away on its own.

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that starts in the lymphatic tissue in the body. There are 2 major forms of NHL: lymphoblastic and non-lymphoblastic lymphoma.

Nosebleeds

In this Helping Hand™, we discuss nosebleeds. Also known as epistaxis, nosebleeds occur when small and delicate blood vessels (capillaries) in the lining of the nose break and bleed. There are many things you can do to stop a nosebleed. If your child’s nosebleed does not stop, call your doctor.

Nursemaid's Elbow

Nursemaid’s elbow is a partial dislocation at the elbow joint. Nursemaid’s elbow is also known as a radial head subluxation.

Obstructed Mullerian Duct Anomalies

Obstructed mullerian duct anomalies are defects in the development of the reproductive system that are present in a female baby before birth.

Omphalocele

In normal development before birth, the intestines are formed in a sac around the umbilical cord, and then move into the baby's body. If the intestines stay in the sac (and do not move into the baby’s body) it is called an omphalocele.

Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma is a cancer of the bone. It starts in immature bone cells that normally form new bone tissue.

Ovarian Cyst and Torsion

An ovarian cyst s a fluid filled sac in or on the surface of an ovary. It often forms during or after ovulation.

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

The ductus arteriosus is a blood vessel that is formed during fetal growth to provide blood flow between two of the major arteries in the baby’s body while in the womb.

Pavlik Harness

Does your child wear a pavlik harness? This Helping Hand can aid you in day to day activities with your child in a pavlik harness.

Pediatric Obesity

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends using body mass index (BMI) to screen for overweight children beginning at age 2 and through age 19.

Pediatric Trigger Thumb

Pediatric trigger thumb (PTT) is also called a flexion contracture of the IP joint. It is a condition that affects the movement of the thumb in children. In PTT, a tendon cannot slide back and forth through the ligament and the thumb gets stuck in a bent (flexed) position.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection in the uterus, the fallopian tubes or the ovaries.

Perioral Dermatitis

In this Helping Hand™ document, we discuss perioral dermatitis, which is a common dry or bumpy rash that can occur around the mouth, the nose and the eyes. To treat the rash, it is important to stop using any topical steroids. Instead, your child’s doctor may prescribe topical or oral antibiotics.

Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn (PPHN)

In this Helping Hand™ document, we discuss persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. PPHN is a life-threatening condition. Another term for high blood pressure is hypertension. In PPHN, blood is forced away from the lungs due to high blood pressure in the arteries that go to the lungs.

Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

In this Helping Hand™ document, we discuss pertussis, also known as whooping cough. Pertussis is an infection of the respiratory tract caused by bacteria. The bacteria are easily spread by breathing in droplets from an infected person who coughs or sneezes. Call 911 if your child stops breathing.

Peutz Jeghers Syndrome (PJS)

Two findings make up Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: intestinal hamartomatous polyps and blue/black freckling or macules that can be seen on the lips, mouth, nostrils, hands, feet and genitalia.

Phalangeal Neck (Finger) Fracture

The hand is the most often injured body part in children. Finger fractures, especially phalangeal neck fractures, often happen because of a direct hit to a finger.

Pinworms: Treatment and Prevention

Pinworms are small white worms that live in the large intestine. They are about 1/2 inch long and as thin as a thread. They can sometimes be seen in and around the child's bowel movements. The adult female pinworm lays her eggs on the skin around the anus. This causes itching and scratching.

Pityriasis Rosea

Pityriasis rosea is a common skin problem in children and young adults. It often begins with a large scaly lesion called the “herald patch.”

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is a lung infection that is usually caused by a virus or bacteria. This makes the air sacs in the lungs fill with fluid (phlegm or mucus). Walking pneumonia is a non-medical word that describes a mild case of bacterial pneumonia. Pneumonia caused by bacteria is treated with an antibiotic.

Poison Ivy Poison Oak and Poison Sumac

Poison Ivy, Poison Oak and Poison Sumac are plants that can cause a rash after contact with the sap of the plant.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common problem in women that begins in the teenage years. It is an imbalance of hormones (chemical messengers) in the brain and ovaries.

Polydactyly

Polydactyly refers to extra fingers or toes (digits) that are present at birth.

Positional Plagiocephaly (Flattened Head)

Positional plagiocephaly is a flat area on the back or on one side of your baby’s head that does not go away on its own.

Post-Thrombotic Syndrome (PTS)

Post-Thrombotic Syndrome or PTS can occur when there are changes in a blood vessel after a blood clot is formed.

Precocious (Early) Puberty in Girls

Puberty is the time when girls’ bodies and minds mature and they grow into young women. This usually starts when a girl is about 10 years old. Sometimes, though, a much younger girl starts to show the signs of puberty.

Pregnancy: Issues and Answers

Access basic information about what you may be feeling, your choices, and what you can expect from prenatal care.

Psoriasis

Psoriasis (sore-EYE-uh-sis) is a common skin problem that looks like pink or red areas of skin topped with white or silvery scaly patches.

Psychogenic Non Epileptic Events

Psychogenic non-epileptic events are behavioral episodes that look like real epileptic seizures.

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)

Pulmonary hypertension is a rare lung disease in which the blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries are high.

Pulmonary Embolism

A pulmonary embolism is a blood clot that travels to the blood vessels in the lungs. You may hear a pulmonary embolism referred to as a “PE.”

Pyloric Stenosis

Pyloric stenosis is common in infants. It affects babies from birth to a few months of age. It is caused by the thickening of the muscle between the stomach and the small intestine.

Pyogenic Granuloma

A pyogenic granuloma (pie uh JENN ik gran yuh LOH muh) or PG is a vascular (blood vessel) growth. It usually appears after an area of skin that has been injured.

Respiratory Distress

Respiratory distress describes symptoms related to breathing problems. There can be many causes of respiratory distress in children. Usually, it is caused by infections, chronic illness or a blocked airway. Call 911 or take your child to the nearest emergency room if you think they are in danger.

Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Newborn

Respiratory distress syndrome, also known as RDS, is caused by not having enough surfactant in the lungs. It is the most common lung disease in premature infants and it occurs because the baby’s lungs are not fully developed. Babies with RDS need extra oxygen and surfactant as well as medicine.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is most common from fall to spring. Symptoms of RSV include sneezing, stuffy or runny nose, sore throat and fever. For healthy babies, it is like getting a cold and can be treated at home. In some infants, RSV can be very serious and may require a hospital stay.

Retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina. This type of cancer is usually found in children younger than 3 years of age.

Retinopathy of Prematurity

Retinopathy of Prematurity (re tin OP uh thee of pree mah TURE i tee), also known as ROP, is an eye problem for which premature babies are at high risk.

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma (rab-doe-my-oh-sar-KOE-mah), or RMS, is a soft-tissue cancer. It can start in muscle cells (rhabdomyoblasts) from many different areas of the body.

Ringworm (Tinea Corporis)

Ringworm, also known as tinea corporis) is a contagious infection of the skin caused by a fungus. The infection starts as a rash with tiny red pimples. The pimples slowly spread and form a round or oval ring. A single patch of ringworm can be treated with an over-the-counter antifungal cream.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a disease caused by the Rickettsia bacteria. This bacteria is most commonly carried by dog ticks.

Roseola

Roseola (ROSE–ee-OH-lah) is a common childhood illness caused by a virus. It usually affects children age 6 months to 3 years but can occur in children somewhat younger or older.

Rotavirus

Rotavirus is a contagious illness caused by a virus. It can affect the digestive system and cause diarrhea (large amount of watery stools). It is very important to keep your child from getting dehydrated. Do not give only water, your child should also drink Pedialyte or other electrolyte solutions.

Rubella

Rubella, also known as German measles, is an illness caused by a virus.

Scabies

Scabies is a skin condition caused by a mite.

Scaphoid Fractures

The wrist is made up of eight bones. The wrist bone below the base of the thumb is known as the scaphoid bone. A fracture (break) of this bone can happen when a person falls onto the outstretched hand.

Seizure Care

Activity in the brain is controlled by electrical impulses. If these electrical signals are not sent in the right order or at the proper rate, seizures can occur.

Seizures Generalized

Seizures occur when nerve cells in the brain send out sudden, excessive, uncontrolled electrical signals. Generalized seizures occur when nerve cells in both sides of the brain are involved at the same time

Seizures: Focal (Partial)

Seizures occur when nerve cells in the brain send out sudden, excessive, uncontrolled electrical signals. The way the child acts during a focal seizure depends on the area of the brain that is affected. There are two types of partial seizures: simple partial seizures and complex partial seizures.

Sever's Disease

Sever’s disease is a painful condition of the heel that occurs in growing children. It happens when the tendon that attaches to the back of the heel (the Achilles tendon) pulls on the growth plate (the apophysis) of the bone of the heel (the calcaneus).

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Sexually transmitted infections can be spread when a person is exposed to blood, skin, semen, vaginal fluids, or other bodily fluids that have a virus, bacteria, or parasite during sexual contact. 

Seymour Fractures

Seymour (SEE moor) fractures are usually the result of a crush injury. This often happens during sports, such as when a ball hits the end of the finger. The joint nearest the end of the finger is hurt as well as the nail.

Shaken Baby Syndrome

Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) is a form of child abuse. SBS happens when an infant is violently shaken, usually by the arms, shoulders, or legs.

Shingles

Shingles is an infection caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox.

Short Bowel Syndrome

Short bowel syndrome is exactly what the name sounds like - a condition in which the bowel is too short generally due to surgical resection.

Shoulder Injuries

The shoulder is made up of three bones: the scapula (shoulder blade), the humerus (upper arm bone), and the clavicle (collarbone). The head (or top) of the humerus rests in a socket of the scapula called the glenoid. A soft rim of tissue called the labrum lines this socket.

Shprintzen Sydrome

Shprintzen Sydrome is also known as 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

Sickle Cell Disease

Have you been tested for Sickle Cell Disease? If not, you can ask your doctor for blood tests called “Hemoglobin Electrophoresis and CBC”.

Sickle Cell Disease and Acute Chest Syndrome

Acute chest syndrome is a group of symptoms that occur when sickled cells become clumped together in the lungs.

Sickle Cell Disease and Spleen Crisis (Splenic Sequestration)

Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder. Children are born with the condition. It affects a part of the red blood cell called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the part of the red blood cell that carries oxygen to different parts of the body.

Sickle Cell Trait

A person with sickle cell trait inherits one gene to make normal hemoglobin and another gene to make some sickle cell hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the part of the red blood cell that carries oxygen to different parts of the body. Sickle cell trait is not a disease and will never turn into a disease.

SIDS Reduction

Reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome with these tips. 

Sleep Terrors and Sleepwalking

Sleep terrors and sleepwalking are related disorders of sleep that usually go away by adolescence. Sleep terrors are different from nightmares. With sleepwalking, the behavior seems purposeful. The child could be sitting up or getting out of bed. Sleepwalking and sleep terrors often run in families.

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE) is a hip disorder that involves the epiphysis (eh PIFF I siss). This is the growing portion or ball on the top part of the femur (thigh bone).

Sore Throat (Viral)

There are two different germs that cause sore throats: viruses and bacteria. Most sore throats are caused by viruses. It is less common for infants and young toddlers to get strep throat (a sore throat caused by “strep” bacteria).

Staphylococcus Scalded Skin Syndrome

Staphylococcus-Scalded Skin Syndrome (STAFF lo cok us SKAWL did skin SIN drome), also known as Scalded Skin Syndrome, SSSS, or Ritter’s Disease, is a skin infection caused by a bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus. This infection produces a toxin that can affect skin all over the body.

Strep Throat (Bacterial)

Most sore throats are caused by viruses. Strep throat is a contagious sore throat that comes on suddenly and is caused by bacteria (germs) called streptococci, or strep for short. Antibiotic medicine must be given as soon as possible to prevent the strep germs from spreading in the body.

Strokes in Children

A stroke is a brain injury caused by lack of blood flow in a brain artery. A stroke can result from abnormal blood clots, heart problems, changes in blood vessels or injury to blood vessels. Sometimes strokes lead to bleeding in the brain. Strokes can happen to people of any age.

Sudden Cardiac Arrest

Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) not only affects young athletes, but can affect healthy children and adolescents who do not participate in organized athletic activity.

Supracondylar Humerus Fracture

When your child’s humerus bone is fractured near the elbow area, just above the joint it is called a supracondylar humerus fracture.

Swallowing Disorders

A swallowing disorder can result in aspiration or food “going down the wrong pipe.” Aspiration can place a child at a higher risk for respiratory/pulmonary issues.

Syncope in Children

Syncope (SIN ko pee) is the medical word that means fainting.

Syphilis

Syphilis (SIF-i-lis) is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) 

Thrush

Thrush is an infection caused by a fungus called Candida. Thrush can affect a child's mouth or diaper area. Oral thrush begins as flat white spots and come together to form patches. These spots are often mistaken for "milk patches." Candida in the diaper area can cause a red rash with tiny blisters.

Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

The thyroglossal duct cyst is typically noticed as an area of fullness or a lump in the midline of the neck, usually just above the voice box.

Tinea Capitis

Tinea capitis (TIN-ee-uh CAP-i-tis) is an infection of the scalp (head) which is caused by a fungus. It is also called ringworm. (This is not caused by a worm.) 

Tinea Pedis

Tinea pedis (tin EE uh PEE duss) is a very common fungal infection on the skin of the feet. It is usually called athlete’s foot.

Tinea Versicolor

Tinea versicolor (TIN ee uh VUHR sih kuhl er) is a common rash caused by the overgrowth of microscopic yeast on the skin's surface. The rash looks like small, scaly spots. 

Tongue Tie

While up to 10 percent of children can have some degree of tongue tie, not all children with tongue tie require intervention.

Tracheomalacia

In this Helping Hand™document, we discuss tracheomalacia, which is when the walls of a child’s windpipe (trachea) collapse. If the collapsed part of the windpipe goes past the area where it branches off into the two lungs, it is called bronchomalacia. This causes noisy or difficult breathing.

Traumatic Brain Injury

A traumatic brain injury can affect a child in several ways. Your child may have a few, many or none of these effects. Here are answers to many of the questions that parents ask. Behavior Changes in a child’s behavior are common after a head injury.

Trichomoniasis

Trichomoniasis (trick-o-moe-NYE-ah-sis), is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STI). It is caused by a parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. The infection can happen to both men and women. It is passed during sexual contact with an infected person.

Turner Syndrome (Genetic Disorder)

Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects females.

Upper Respiratory Infections (Colds)

In this Helping Hand™ document, we discuss the common cold, which is a respiratory infection caused by a virus. Rest and proper hydration are important when your child is ill. Viruses are spread by the hands and by respiratory contact. Washing hands often helps prevent the disease from spreading.

Urinary Tract Infection: Prevention

How to Prevent Urinary Tract Infection

Vaginal Discharge

As you grow up, you may notice a discharge from your vagina during the time between your menstrual periods. It is normal for all women to have some vaginal discharge. The amount, color and thickness of this discharge are different for each woman.

Velocardiofacial Syndrome

Velocardiofacial Syndrome is also known as 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

Vertigo in Children

Vertigo (VER ti go) is the medical word for the feeling of spinning. Your child may feel like the world is moving, but there is no movement. These feelings come and go.

Volar Plate Injuries

The volar plate is a thick ligament that connects two bones in the finger. A volar plate injury is commonly called a jammed finger or sprain. This happens when the finger is bent backward too far (hyperextended). These injuries can also lead to a fracture (break) called an avulsion fracture.

Vomiting

Care for your child if they are vomiting with this Helping Hand.

Warts

There are many types of warts.Learn how to prevent and treat warts.

Wilms' Tumor

The kidneys are organs that filter waste products from the blood and create urine. Wilms' tumor (nephroblastoma) is a cancerous tumor of the kidney. It is thought to be caused by abnormal genes. The tumor may occur at any age, but it is most common in children 1 to 5 years of age.

Zika Virus

Zika (ZEE ka) is a disease caused by the Zika Virus. A person becomes infected by the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito or by having unprotected sex with an infected person. Infection during pregnancy has been shown to be linked to birth defects in babies.

Zoonoses

Zoonoses (zoo NO seez) are infections that people can get from animals. Children with compromised immune systems are at higher risk for these infections. This includes those on chemotherapy or radiation, or who have had bone marrow transplants.