Viewing: 1-1085 of 1085 | All
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome in Children
22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a genetic disorder that can cause many health problems. These problems may range from heart defects and developmental delays to seizures.
A Child Living with a Pacemaker or Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)
Detailed information on living with a pacemaker or implantable cardioverter defibrillator
A Child's Concept of Death
From babies to teens, a look at how children understand death.
About Cancer
Detailed information on cancer in children, including causes, diagnosis, treatment, and coping
About the Heart and Blood Vessels
Detailed anatomical description of the heart's blood vessels, including simple definitions and a labeled, full-color illustration
Abrasions
An abrasion is a superficial rub or wearing off of the skin, usually caused by a scrape or a brush burn. Abrasions are usually minor injuries that can be treated at home.
Achondroplasia in Children
Achondroplasia is a group of rare genetic (inherited) bone disorders. Achondroplasia is the most common type of what was once called dwarfism, in which the child's arms and legs are short in proportion to body length.
Acne in Children
Acne is a disorder of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Hair follicles are the areas around the base or root of each hair. Sebaceous glands are the tiny glands that release oil (sebum) into the hair follicles. The sebum moistens the skin and hair. The sebum and hair get to the skin surface through tiny holes called pores.
Acquired Hypothyroidism in Children
Hypothyroidism is when the thyroid gland doesn't make enough thyroid hormone. The condition is more common in adults. But it’s the most common thyroid disorder in children. Not enough thyroid hormone leads to signs, such as slow growth, lack of activity, and poor performance in school.
Acute Bronchitis in Children
Acute bronchitis is most often caused by a viral infection. Learn about symptoms, treatment, prevention, and more.
Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy
AFLP is a rare, but serious, liver problem in pregnancy. With AFLP the liver cells have too much fat, which can damage the liver.
Acute Flaccid Myelitis in Children
AFM is a rare condition that affects the nervous system.
Acute Respiratory Disorders
Detailed information on acute respiratory disorders in children
Acute Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) in Children
Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is when the spinal cord is damaged from an accident or other situation. An SCI may be a bruise (contusion), a partial tear, or a complete tear (transection) in the spinal cord.
Adding to Mother's Milk
Your milk is best, but it's not always complete with the nutritional needs of very small premature babies or some very sick newborns.
Addison Disease in Children
Addison disease is when the adrenal glands don't make enough of two steroid hormones. The hormones are cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol controls the body's metabolism, blocks inflammatory reactions, and affects the immune system. Aldosterone manages sodium and potassium levels. Addison disease is fairly rare and may first appear at any age.
Adenovirus Infection in Children
Adenoviruses are a group of viruses that cause a variety of infections. These include the common cold, conjunctivitis, and croup.
Adjustment Disorders in Children
An adjustment disorder is an unhealthy emotional or behavioral reaction to a stressful event or change in a person's life. The response happens within 3 months of the stressful event.
Adolescent (13 to 18 Years)
Detailed information on adolescence, ages 13 to 18 years
Adolescent Growth and Development
Detailed information on adolescent growth and development
Adolescent Health Problems and Injuries
Detailed information on adolescent health problems and injuries, including acne, asthma, breast conditions, breast self-examination, diabetes, eye care, eye safety, gynecological conditions, menstrual conditions, gynecologic problems, pap test, vaginitis, vulvitis, menstrual disorders, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), high blood pressure, infectious mononucleosis, obesity, oral health, orthodontics, braces, wisdom teeth extraction, periodontal disease, orthopedic problems, osgood schlatter disease, scoliosis, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, sexually transmitted diseases, safer sex guidelines, sports safety, sports injuries, sprains, strains, tennis elbow, mouthguards, heat related illness, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke
Adolescent Mental Health
Detailed information on adolescent mental health disorders, including schizophrenia, mood disorders, major depression, dysthymia, manic depression (bipolar disorder), teen suicide, anxiety disorders, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, behavior disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, substance abuse/chemical dependence, and adjustment disorders
Adolescent Problems of the Teeth and Mouth
Detailed information on adolescent problems of the teeth and mouth
After a Burn: When to Call Your Child's Health Care Provider
Details about when to call your child's health care provider after a burn.
Age-Appropriate Speech and Hearing Milestones
A helpful look at age-appropriate hearing milestones for babies and toddlers.
AIDS-Related Lymphoma in Children
AIDS-related lymphoma is a type of cancer called non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It grows in some people with AIDS. AIDS is a disease that weakens the immune system. AIDS raises the risk for long-term (chronic) disease, such as cancer.
Airway Obstruction Index
Infants and children under age 4 are particularly at risk for choking on food or small objects because their upper airways are smaller, and they tend to explore things with their mouths.
Airway Obstruction: Prevention
Because most accidental child strangulations, chokings, and suffocations happen in the home, it's important to carefully childproof your residence.
Airway Obstruction—Identifying High-Risk Situations
Choking hazards in the home: round, firm foods, such as grapes and popcorn, and small nonfood items, such as coins, balloons, and marbles.
Allergic Rhinitis in Children
Allergic rhinitis can happen on a seasonal basis or year-round. There is often a family history of allergic rhinitis, eczema, asthma, or food allergy. Read on to learn details about treating and managing this condition.
Allergies in Children
Allergies are problems of the immune system. Most allergic reactions happen when the immune system reacts to a “false alarm.” Normally, the human body defends itself against harmful things, such as viruses or bacteria. But sometimes the defenses violently attack mostly mild things, such as dust, mold, or pollen.
Allergy
Detailed information on allergy, including symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment
Alpha Thalassemia in Children
Alpha thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder. This means it is passed down through the parent’s genes. It causes anemia in affected children. Learn more about symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Screening Test
Alpha-fetoprotein screening is a blood test that measures the level of AFP in the mother's blood. Abnormal levels may indicate certain problems with the fetus.
Amenorrhea in Teens
Amenorrhea is when a girl's menstrual bleeding (period) doesn't occur.
Anaphylaxis in Children
Anaphylaxis is a severe and sometimes life-threatening reaction to an allergen. An allergen is something that your child is allergic to. Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency. Your child can have a reaction within seconds or as long as an hour after contact.
Anatomy and Development of the Mouth and Teeth
Children's teeth begin developing in the fetus. Good nutrition from the mother during pregnancy is important in the development of the teeth.
Anatomy and Function of the Electrical System
Detailed anatomical description of the heart's electrical system, including simple definitions and a labeled, full-color illustration.
Anatomy and Function of the Heart Valves
Detailed anatomical description of the heart valves, including simple definitions and a labeled, full-color illustration.
Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear
The main parts of the ear are the outer ear, the eardrum (tympanic membrane), the middle ear, and the inner ear.
Anatomy and Physiology of the Nose and Throat
A helpful guide to the nose, the sinuses, and the throat.
Anatomy of a Child's Brain
The brain can be divided into 3 main parts: the cerebrum, the brainstem, and the cerebellum.
Anatomy of a Newborn Baby’s Skull
Detailed anatomical information on the newborn skull.
Anatomy of the Endocrine System in Children
Detailed information on the endocrine system, its anatomy and function, including a full-color, labeled illustration.
Anatomy of the Respiratory System in Children
A detailed anatomical description of the respiratory system, including simple definitions and labeled, full-color illustrations.
Anemia
Detailed information on anemia, including symptoms, diagnosis, causes, types, and treatment
Anencephaly in Children
Anencephaly is a birth defect that affects the brain and skull bones. With this condition, the brain isn't fully formed. It often lacks part or all of the cerebrum.
Anger Management: Strategies for Parents and Grandparents
Anger management helps you deal with your child or grandchild in a kind and constructive way. It also sets a good example of how to handle challenging situations and work out conflicts.
Animal Bites
Detailed information on animal bites and rabies, including symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Anomalous Coronary Artery in Children
An anomalous coronary artery (ACA) is a heart defect. This is something your baby is born with (congenital). In ACA, the blood vessels that supply blood to your child’s heart muscle aren’t normal.
Anorexia Nervosa in Children
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder. It is a form of self-starvation. Children and teens with this health problem have a distorted body image. They think they weigh too much.
Anterior Pituitary Disorders
Detailed information on anterior pituitary disorders, including hypopituitarism
Anticipatory Grief
Anticipatory grief is similar to the normal process of mourning, but it happens before the actual death.
Antiphospholipid Syndrome in Pregnancy
Antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune disease. This happens when your immune system fights against normal cells. In this condition, your body makes antibodies that attack a kind of fat in cells. This makes your blood clot too easily.
Anxiety Disorders in Children
Detailed information on the most common types of anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and phobias
Aplastic Anemia in Children
Detailed information on aplastic anemia, including cause, symptom, diagnosis, and treatment
Appendicitis in Children
Appendicitis is a painful swelling and infection of the appendix. It is a medical emergency. The appendix can burst or rupture. This is serious and can lead to more infection. If not treated, it can be fatal.
Arrhythmias in Children
An arrhythmia is an abnormal rhythm of the heart. In an arrhythmia, abnormal electrical signals through the heart muscle may cause the heart to beat too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), or irregularly. Read on to learn more.
Aspiration in Babies and Children
Aspiration is when something enters the airway or lungs by accident. It may be food, liquid, or some other material. This can cause serious health problems, such as pneumonia.
Assessments for Newborn Babies
Each newborn baby is carefully checked at birth for signs of problems or complications.
Asthma in Children
Asthma is a long-term (chronic) lung disease that causes your child's airways to become sensitive to certain things (triggers).
Asthma in Children Index
Detailed information on asthma, including triggers of an asthma attack, symptoms, diagnosis, management, and treatment
Asthma Triggers
Asthma triggers are things that can cause an asthma flare-up. Your health care provider can help you know what your triggers are and how to manage them.
Astrocytoma in Children
Astrocytoma is the most common type of brain tumor in children. It is usually low grade, which means slow-growing.
Atopic Dermatitis in Children
Atopic dermatitis is a long-term (chronic) skin condition. It causes dry, itchy skin. It’s very common in babies and children. It often first appears between ages 3 and 6 months.
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) in Children
The atrial septum is the wall between the two upper chambers of the heart (right and left atria). An atrial septal defect (ASD) is an abnormal hole in this wall. ASD is a heart problem that is present at birth (congenital). Read on for details about symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a brain-based, or neurodevelopmental, disorder. It is often first diagnosed in childhood.
Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children
Autism spectrum disorder is a problem that affects a child's nervous system and growth and development. It often shows up during a child's first 3 years of life.
Autoimmune Diseases and Pregnancy
Detailed information on autoimmune diseases and pregnancy
Autosomal Recessive: Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia, Tay Sachs Disease
Overview of autosomal recessive inheritance, including cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Tay Sachs disease.
Baby's Care After a Cesarean Delivery
Because babies born by cesarean may have difficulty clearing some of the lung fluid and mucus, extra suctioning of the nose, mouth, and throat are often needed.
Baby's Care After a Vaginal Delivery
Healthy babies born in a vaginal delivery are usually able to stay with the mother. In many cases, immediate newborn evaluations are performed right in the mother's room.
Baby's Care After Birth
Detailed information on baby's care after birth
Baby's Care in the Delivery Room
A newborn baby is wet from the amniotic fluid and can easily become cold. Drying the baby and using warm blankets and heat lamps can help prevent heat loss. Often a knitted hat is placed on the baby's head.
Bacterial Endocarditis in Children
Bacterial endocarditis is an infection of the lining of the heart (endocardium), and the heart valves. It does not happen very often, but when it does, it can cause serious heart damage.
Bacterial Skin Infections in Children
Detailed information on bacterial skin infections, including impetigo, cellulitis, scarlet fever, folliculitis, boils, carbuncles, and staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
Behavior Changes
Your baby's activity level, appetite, and cries normally vary from day to day, and even hour to hour. But a distinct change in any of these areas may signal illness.
Behavior Disorders
Detailed information on behavior problems in adolescents, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder
Benign Skin Growths and Pigmentation Disorders
Detailed information on benign skin growths and pigmentation disorders in children
Benign Skin Growths in Children
Detailed information on benign skin growths, including dermatofibromas, dermoid cyst, freckles, keloids, lipomas, moles, atypical moles, pyogenic granulomas
Beta Thalassemia in Children
Beta thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder. This means it's passed down through the parent’s genes. It's a form of anemia. Beta thalassemia affects the production of hemoglobin.
Bicycle / In-Line Skating / Skateboarding Safety
Detailed information on bicycle, in-line skating, and skateboarding safety
Bicycling, Inline Skating, Skateboarding, and Scooter Safety—Prevention
Read on for specific safety and injury prevention tips for wheel sports--from biking and inline skating to skateboarding and scooters.
Biliary Atresia in Children
Biliary atresia is a rare liver disease that occurs in infants. It is often found shortly after birth. The disorder affects tubes in the liver called bile ducts. If not treated with surgery, it can be fatal.
Biophysical Profile
A biophysical profile is a test that is sometimes used during the third trimester of pregnancy. It is often done if there is a question about the baby’s health. This may be because of other test results or certain pregnancy symptoms, or because your pregnancy is high risk.
Bipolar Disorder in Teens
Bipolar disorder is a type of depression. A teen with bipolar disorder often has extreme mood swings. These mood swings go beyond the day's normal ups and downs.
Birth Defects in Children
A birth defect is a health problem or abnormal physical change that is present when a baby is born. Birth defects can be very mild, where the baby looks and acts like any other baby. Or birth defects can be more severe. Read on to learn more.
Birth Defects in Newborn Babies
Birth defects may be caused by inherited (genetic) problems or by environmental things, such as exposure to certain toxic substances during pregnancy. Some birth defects can be linked to a direct cause. Other reasons are not as clear.
Birth Defects Index
Detailed information on birth defects, including their cause and frequency
Birth Injury
Detailed information on birth injury, including the most common types.
Birthmarks
Detailed information on birthmarks and the different types, including vascular birthmarks, hemangiomas, and port-wine stains.
Bites
Detailed information on bites, including human bites, animal bites, and insect bites
Bites and Stings
Detailed information on insect bites, including bee stings, flea bites, mite bites, chigger bites, spider bites, tick bites, and lyme disease
Biting
Young children may bite others out of frustration or stress, or because they feel powerless. Infants and toddlers often bite as a way of exploring their world.
Black Eye (Ecchymosis)
A black eye should be seen by a healthcare provider to make sure no injury has happened to the eye itself. Most black eyes heal completely and don't cause any damage.
Bleeding Disorders
Detailed information on bleeding disorders, including Hemophilia and Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura
Blepharitis in Children
Blepharitis is an inflammation in the oil glands of the eyelid. It causes swollen eyelids and crusting around the eyelashes. Even after it’s treated and goes away, it can often come back again and again for years. It can often lead to an infection of the eye and a loss of eyelashes.
Blisters in Children
Detailed information on blisters, including cause, first aid, and treatment.
Blocked Tear Duct (Dacryostenosis) in Children
In some children, the openings into the tear duct don’t form the right way. This causes a blockage. The tears have no place to drain. Learn more about how this condition can affect your child, and how it's treated.
Blood Circulation in the Fetus and Newborn
During pregnancy, the fetal lungs are not used for breathing - the placenta does the work of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide through the mother's circulation. With the first breaths of air the baby takes at birth, the fetal circulation changes.
Blood Clotting Disorders in Children
Blood-clotting disorders are a group of conditions in which there is too much clotting. They are often inherited.
Blood in the Eye (Hyphema) in Children
Hyphema is blood in the front (anterior) chamber of the eye. This is located between the clear front part of the eye (cornea) and the colored part of the eye (iris). Read on to learn more about what to do when your child has blood in their eye.
Blood Tests and Your Child's Heart
Detailed information on blood tests used to diagnosis heart disease.
Blood Types in Pregnancy
A baby may have the blood type and Rh factor of either parent, or a combination of both parents.
Bone Cancers in Children
Detailed information on bone cancer in children, including Ewing sarcoma and osteogenic sarcoma
Bone Marrow
Detailed information on bone marrow and bone marrow transplantation in children
Bone Marrow Transplant for Children
A bone marrow transplant (BMT) is a treatment for children with certain types of cancer or other diseases. The goal of BMT is to replace a child's diseased bone marrow with healthy bone marrow.
Bottle-Feeding
Detailed information on bottle-feeding, including information on the different types of baby formulas.
Brain Abscess in Children
An abscess is a pocket of infection. In the brain, an abscess may be in one or more areas. This condition may cause problems with how the brain and spinal cord function. It is a serious and life-threatening condition that needs to be treated right away.
Brain Tumors in Children
A brain tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue in the brain. The brain is part of the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS also includes the spinal cord.
Branchial Cleft Abnormalities in Children
A branchial cleft abnormality is a cluster of abnormally formed tissue in the neck. A branchial cleft abnormality is a birth defect. It happens when the area doesn't form as it should during the early stages of an embryo’s development.
Breast Conditions in Young Women
Some breast changes or conditions are related to a young woman's menstrual cycle, but others may occur at any time. Most breast conditions are benign.
Breast Health and Adolescents
Detailed information on breast health for children
Breast Milk Collection and Storage
Detailed information on breast milk collection and storage
Breast Milk Expression
Most mothers who plan to continue breastfeeding will need to express their breast milk during the work or school day if away from the baby for more than three or four hours.
Breastfeeding and Delayed Milk Production
If your milk is delayed coming in, or you're not making enough milk, don't give up. Read on for some helpful tips.
Breastfeeding and Returning To Work
Detailed information on breastfeeding while at work
Breastfeeding at Work
Having your employer's support is important to successfully continue breastfeeding. Here's what you need to know about pumping breastmilk at work.
Breastfeeding Difficulties - Baby
Detailed information on breastfeeding difficulties of the baby, including ineffective latch-on, ineffective sucking, slow infant weight gain, poor infant weight gain, mismanaged breastfeeding, over-active breast milk let down
Breastfeeding Difficulties - Mother
Detailed information on breastfeeding difficulties of the mother, including sore nipples, low breast milk production, flat nipples, plugged milk ducts, and mastitis
Breastfeeding the High-Risk Newborn
Detailed information on breastfeeding the high-risk newborn
Breastfeeding When Returning to Work
Helpful advice on how to maintain your milk production when going back to work.
Breastfeeding Your Baby
Click on the links below to learn more about this topic. Breast Milk is the Best Milk Getting Started How Milk is Made Effective Breastfeeding Effective Sucking Breastfeeding Difficulties - Mother Sore Nipples Insufficient or Delayed Milk Production Low Milk Production Flat or Inverted Nipples
Breastfeeding Your High-Risk Baby
Learning to breastfeed effectively is a process that may take days or weeks for premature and many other high-risk babies. But you and your baby can become a breastfeeding team if you are patient and persistent.
Breastfeeding Your Premature Baby
Breastfeeding your premature infant is not only possible, it's the best thing for your baby. Learn more about how your baby can benefit from breastfeeding.
Breastfeeding: Returning to Work
It's important to give yourself enough time to practice pumping and get your body used to pumping before you return to work. Read on for some helpful tips.
Breastmilk Is Best
Your milk contains just the right balance of nutrients in a form most easily used by your baby's immature body systems.
Breastmilk: Pumping, Collecting, Storing
"Fresh breastmilk" contains the most active anti-infective properties. Refrigerated breastmilk has fewer anti-infective properties than fresh milk and frozen breastmilk has the least.
Bronchiolitis in Children
Bronchiolitis is an infection of the lungs that most often affects children younger than 2 years. Learn more about this condition, including causes, risks, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Brown Recluse and Black Widow Spider Bites in Children
Most spiders in the U.S. are poisonous. The fangs of most spiders are too short or too fragile to break through human skin. Or their poison (venom) is too weak to cause damage. Most spider bites cause only minor, local reactions. But bites from the black widow and the brown recluse spiders can cause serious problems. Read on to learn more.
Bruises
A bruise is a collection of blood underneath the skin that is caused by injury to an area of the body. Sometimes enough bleeding occurs so that a lump also forms.
Brushing and Toothpaste for Children
Read on to learn how to help your child care for their teeth correctly, from the type of toothbrush and toothpaste to use, to tips on how to brush their teeth.
Burkitt Lymphoma in Children
Burkitt lymphoma is a rare, fast-growing form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). It’s a type of cancer of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is part of the immune system. It helps to fight diseases and infections.
Burners and Stingers Syndrome in Children
Burners and stingers syndrome is a type of sports injury. It is a pain in the shoulder or neck that causes a burning or stinging feeling down an arm to the hand.
Burns Caused by Heat (Child)
Learn how to care for your child who has a burn caused by heat.
Burns: Symptom Management
Most children with burns have pain, which can be controlled with medicine. They also usually have itching at some point during the healing process.
Campylobacter Infection in Children
Campylobacter infection is a mild to serious digestive illness. It is caused by bacteria. Symptoms often include cramping, diarrhea, belly pain, and fever.
Cancer Treatment for Children
Learn who is involved in your child's treatment, what the treatment options are, how treatment is decided, and more.
Candidiasis in Children
Candidiasis is an infection caused by yeast called Candida. Candida normally causes no harm, and is found on the skin, vaginal area, and digestive system. But in some cases, it can overgrow. This can cause a rash, itching, and other symptoms.
Canker Sores (Aphthous Ulcers) in Children
Canker sores are small sores inside the mouth. They are often found inside the lips, on the cheeks, or on the tongue.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Children
Carbon monoxide poisoning is an illness that occurs from breathing in carbon monoxide (CO) gas. It's a medical emergency and needs treatment right away.
Cardiac Catheterization for Children
Cardiac catheterization is a procedure in which a long, flexible tube (catheter) is put into a blood vessel. The doctor then guides the catheter into the heart to find and treat heart problems.
Cardiomyopathy and Your Child
Cardiomyopathy is any disease of the heart muscle in which the heart loses its ability to pump blood effectively.
Care of the Uncircumcised Penis in Teens
In an uncircumcised boy, the foreskin will begin to separate from the tip of the penis. This happens naturally while the boy is a baby. This is called foreskin retraction.
Caring for Babies in the NICU
Detailed information on caring for babies in the NICU
Caring for Newborn Multiples
Because many multiples are small and born early, they may be initially cared for in a special care nursery called the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
Cast Types and Maintenance Instructions
The outside of a cast can be made of plaster or fiberglass. Cotton and synthetic materials line the inside of the cast to make it soft and to provide padding around bony areas, such as the wrist or elbow.
Cat Scratch Disease in Children
Cat scratch disease is a bacterial infection carried in cat saliva. It is passed from a cat bite or scratch to a human. It can also result from a fleabite, but cats are the main source.
Cataracts in Children
A cataract is a clouding over the lens of the eye. This area is normally clear (transparent). Some cataracts are small and don’t cause any trouble with vision. Others can cause visual problems in children. Cataracts are rare in children.
Causes of Cancer
There is no one cause for cancer. Scientists believe that it is the interaction of many factors—genetic or environmental. Learn more about these risk factors for cancer.
Cellulitis in Children
Cellulitis is a spreading skin infection. It may affect the upper skin layer. Or it may affect the deeper skin and layer of fat under the skin. When cellulitis affects the upper skin layer, it may be called erysipelas. This type of infection is more common in children.
Cellulitis of the Eye in Children
Cellulitis is a serious type of infection and inflammation. It can occur in various parts of the body. When it occurs in the eyelid and tissues in the front part of the eye area, it’s called preseptal cellulitis. When it occurs behind and around the eye in the eye socket (orbit), it’s called orbital cellulitis. Both of these conditions are serious.
Cerebral Palsy in Children
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a lifelong condition that affects how the brain and muscles communicate. CP affects body movement, muscle control, coordination, reflexes, posture, and balance.
Chalazion in Children
A chalazion is a slow-growing, painless lump in the eyelid that forms because of the swelling of an oil gland. It’s more common in adults between ages 30 and 50 than in children.
Chemical Burns of the Eye in Children
Chemical burns happen when a chemical gets into your child’s eye. Read on for details about this emergency situation.
Chemical Burns: Caring for Your Child
Chemical burns can occur when strong acids or alkalis come in contact with the skin or the eyes. Learn how to care for your child and how to get help.
Chemotherapy for Children
Chemotherapy is the use of medicines to treat cancer or kill cancer cells. Read on to learn more about what to expect when your child needs this treatment.
Chemotherapy for Children: Side Effects
Detailed information on chemotherapy and managing chemotherapy side effects in children
Chemotherapy-Related Hair Loss (Alopecia) in Children
Hair loss is a common side effect of chemotherapy. Learn about chemotherapy-related hair loss including how you can help your child.
Chemotherapy-Related Mouth Mucositis in Children
Chemotherapy is the use of medicines to treat cancer. The medicines can cause an inflammation of the lining of the mouth. The mouth is lined with mucous membranes. When these are inflamed, it’s called mouth mucositis.
Chiari II Malformation in Children
A Chiari II malformation is present at birth. With this condition, two parts of the brain at the back of the skull bulge through a normal opening in the skull where it joins the spinal canal.
Chiari Malformation Type I in Children
A Chiari malformation (CM) is a problem with how the brain sits in the skull. Read on for detailed information about this condition in children.
Childhood Apraxia of Speech
Childhood apraxia of speech is a type of speech disorder. It is present from birth. A child with this condition has problems making sounds correctly and consistently. Apraxia is a problem with the motor coordination of speech.
Childhood Immunization Index
Detailed information on immunizations for adults and children, including a current immunization schedule
Childhood Immunizations
Your little one will need several immunization shots to help protect them from several childhood diseases, some of which can be deadly. Read on for helpful advice on which shots they need and when, and learn what to do if they have a minor reaction.
Childhood Vision Problems
Detailed information on problems with vision in children
Childproof Your Home for Poisons
Always remember that ordinary products you use each day around the home can become dangerous poisons in the hands of a child. Here's what you should know.
Children Living with a Rheumatic Disease
Detailed information on living with a rheumatic disease.
Cholestasis of Pregnancy
Cholestasis of pregnancy is a liver problem. It slows or stops the normal flow of bile from the gallbladder. This causes itching and yellowing of your skin, eyes, and mucous membranes (jaundice). Cholestasis sometimes starts in early pregnancy. But it is more common in the second and third trimesters. It most often goes away within a few days after delivery. The high levels of bile may cause serious problems for your developing baby (fetus).
Cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and Triglycerides in Children and Teens
The cholesterol in blood comes from 2 sources: the foods your teen eats and their liver. The liver, however, makes all of the cholesterol your teen's body needs.
Chorioamnionitis
Chorioamnionitis [chor-y-oh-am-nee-oh-NY-tis] is an infection of the placenta and the amniotic fluid. Only a few women get it. But it is a common cause of preterm labor and delivery.
Chorionic Villus Sampling
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a test done early in a woman’s pregnancy. CVS checks for genetic problems in your baby. During CVS, your healthcare provider takes a small piece of tissue from the placenta for testing.
Chronic Illness and Transplantation Issues and the Teen
Detailed information on chronic illness and transplantation issues and the teen.
Chronic Respiratory Disorders
Detailed information on chronic respiratory disorders in children
Classification and Treatment of Burns
Burns are classified as first-, second-, or third-degree, depending on how deep and severe they penetrate the skin's surface.
Classification of Burns
Burns are classified as first-, second-, or third-degree, depending on how deeply and severely they penetrate the skin's surface.
Cleft Lip and Palate in Children
Cleft lip and palate are openings or splits in the upper lip or roof of the mouth (palate). A child can be born with a cleft lip, cleft palate, or both. Cleft lip and palate may be the only birth defects, or they may happen with other defects.
Clubfoot in Children
Clubfoot is a deformity of the foot. It's when one or both feet are turned inward. The condition affects the bones, muscles, tendons, and blood vessels. Read on to learn more about this condition.
Coarctation of the Aorta (COA) in Children
Coarctation of the aorta is a heart defect that's present at birth (congenital). It means that the aorta is narrower than it should be. Read on to learn details about the condition.
Cognitive Development in Adolescence
Cognitive development means the growth of a child's ability to think and reason. This growth happens differently from ages 6 to 12, and ages 12 to 18.
Cold vs. Allergy in Children: How to Tell the Difference
Detailed information on the differences between cold symptoms and symptoms of allergies.
Colic
Colic is when a healthy baby cries for a very long time for no obvious reason. It is a common problem that affects some babies during the first 6 weeks of life.
Common Childhood External Ear Problems
Detailed information on common childhood external ear problems
Common Childhood Nose and Throat Illnesses
Detailed information on common childhood nose and throat problems in children
Common Children's Digestive Problems
Detailed information on common children's digestive problems, including colic, diarrhea, food allergies, and lactose intolerance
Common Cold in Children
The common cold is one of the most common illnesses in children. Most children will have at least 6 to 8 colds a year.
Common Conditions and Complications
Detailed information on common conditions and complications of the high-risk newborn
Common Dental Problems and Concerns
Detailed information on common dental problems and concerns in children
Common Procedures
Detailed information on the most common procedures performed on newborns
Common Skin Disorders in Children
Detailed information on common skin disorders, including Bacterial Skin Infections, Fungal Skin Infections, Viral Skin Infections, Viral Exanthems (Rashes), and Parasitic Skin Infections
Common Types of Pediatric Arthritis and Other Rheumatic Diseases
Detailed information on the most common types of pediatric arthritis and other rheumatic diseases, including Juvenile Dermatomyositis, Fibromyalgia, Juvenile Ankylosing Spondylitis, Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis, Rheumatic Fever, Scleroderma, Septic Arthritis, Infectious Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Lupus, Vasculitis, Kawasaki Disease, and Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
Common Variable Immunodeficiency in Children
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is an immunodeficiency problem. It is a lifelong health problem that can lead to a reduced ability to fight infections.
Communication Disorders in Children
A child with a communication disorder has trouble communicating with others. They may not understand or make the sounds of speech. The child may also struggle with word choice, word order, or sentence structure.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) for Cancer
Alternative therapy is a nonconventional approach to healing. It may be used instead of standard treatment or in combination with standard medicine. Read on to learn more.
Complex Heart Problems
Detailed information on complex heart problems
Comprehensive Psychiatric Evaluation for Children
A psychiatric evaluation looks at the child's behaviors, when those behaviors happen, and what impact those behaviors have on school, family, and other relationships.
Congenital and Hereditary Neurological Disorders
Detailed information on the most common congenital and hereditary disorders in children
Congenital and Hereditary Orthopedic Disorders
Detailed information on the most common congenital and hereditary disorders in children
Congenital Heart Disease Index
Detailed information on congenital heart disease, including patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular canal, tricuspid atresia, pulmonary atresia, transposition of the great arteries, tetralogy of Fallot, double outlet right ventricle, truncus arteriosus, coarctation of the aorta, aortic stenosis, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Congenital Hypothyroidism in Children
Hypothyroidism is when the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone. Congenital hypothyroidism is when the disorder is present in a baby at birth. If not treated, it can lead to serious health problems.
Congenital Laryngeal Stridor in Babies
Congenital laryngeal stridor is a noisy or high-pitched sound with breathing. It is from an abnormally formed voice box (larynx). It is present at birth (congenital).
Congenital Limb Difference in Children
A congenital limb difference is when an arm or leg doesn't form normally as a baby grows in the uterus. The baby is born with the difference.
Congenital Liver Defects
Congenital liver defects are liver disorders that are present at birth. They are rare. These liver disorders often block the bile ducts. This affects the flow of bile.
Congenital Muscular Torticollis
Congenital torticollis means that a baby is born with an odd position of the neck. The odd position is because of a tight, short neck muscle. It affects the right side more often than the left side. It may range from mild to severe. The condition is sometimes called wryneck.
Conjunctivitis in Children
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye. The conjunctiva is the membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the eyeball. Conjunctivitis is also known as “pink eye.”
Constipation in Children
Common causes of constipation in children: a low-fiber diet, not enough fluids, lack of exercise, and emotional issues.
Contact Dermatitis in Children
Contact dermatitis is a skin reaction from contact with certain substances. Read on to learn about its causes, symptoms, and treatment.
Contact Sports and Kids: How to Keep Your Children Safe
Kids are more susceptible to sports injuries than adults because they are still growing and developing. The risk for injury is even greater if the child plays a contact sport, such as basketball, football, or soccer.
Coping Emotionally After a Burn
Your child's burn care and emotional recovery will continue when you leave the hospital. Along with the excitement, you and your child may also feel uneasy about what will happen next.
Coping with a Diagnosis of Cancer in Children
A cancer diagnosis is shocking and overwhelming. Learn some practical things that you can do to cope during this time.
Corneal Abrasions in Children
A corneal abrasion is a scratch on the cornea. This is the clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye. Learn details about symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Cradle Cap
Cradle cap (infant seborrheic dermatitis) is scaly patches on a baby's scalp. Cradle cap isn’t serious, but it can cause thick crusting and white or yellow scales. Some babies can also have seborrheic dermatitis in the diaper area, and on the face, neck, and trunk. Cradle cap usually clears up within the first year.
Craniopharyngioma in Children
Craniopharyngioma is a benign brain tumor that is found near the pituitary gland.
Craniosynostosis
Craniosynostosis is a condition where one or more of the bones of the skull close too early. This can cause problems with normal brain and skull growth.
Crohn's Disease in Children
Crohn's disease is when there is redness, swelling (inflammation), and sores along the digestive tract. It is part of a group of diseases known as inflammatory bowel disease.
Croup in Children
Croup is a common infection in children. It causes swelling in the upper part of the airway in the neck. It causes a barking cough, with or without fever. And it may cause problems breathing.
Crutch Walking
Step-by-step tips to help your child learn to use crutches, including going up and down stairs, sitting and standing up, and more.
Cushing Syndrome in Children
Cushing syndrome is a hormone disorder. It’s caused by having high levels of the hormone cortisol over a long time. Cushing syndrome is fairly rare. It most often affects adults who are 20 to 50 years old. But it can also occur in children. It is sometimes called hypercortisolism.
Cuts and Wounds of the External Ear
Helpful first aid tips for handling minor cuts, wounds, or deep cuts a child may get to the outer ear.
Cuts and Wounds of the Face
Most minor cuts or wounds to the face can be handled at home with simple first aid treatment. But there are also times when these injuries need medical care. Here's what you need to know.
Cuts and Wounds of the Mouth and Lips
Kids can get cuts and wounds in their mouth and on their lips when they are playing or doing sports. Learn how to use first aid for these injuries, and when to get medical care.
Cuts and Wounds of the Nose
Most minor nose wounds can be handled at home, but a wound or bruise that also involves one or both eyes needs immediate medical attention.
Cystic Fibrosis and the Digestive System
In the digestive system, cystic fibrosis (CF) mainly affects the pancreas. A child with CF has trouble absorbing fats, as well as some proteins and vitamins.
Cystic Fibrosis and the Reproductive System
Detailed information on cystic fibrosis and its effect on the reproductive system.
Cystic Fibrosis and the Respiratory System
Detailed information on cystic fibrosis and its effect on the respiratory system.
Cystic Fibrosis in Children
Detailed information on cystic fibrosis, including symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and genetics
Cystic Fibrosis Overview
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease of the glands that make mucus and sweat. Here's a quick look at how CF affects the body, and who may be more likely to have this disease.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in Newborns
CMV (cytomegalovirus) is a herpes virus. It is very common. It affects people of all ages and in all parts of the U.S. In most cases, CMV causes mild symptoms, or no symptoms at all. But it can cause serious problems in an unborn baby or newborn.
Delayed Puberty
Puberty that happens late is called delayed puberty. This means a child's physical signs of sexual maturity don’t appear by age 12 in girls or age 14 in boys. This includes breast or testicle growth, pubic hair, and voice changes. These are known as secondary sexual characteristics.
Dental Emergencies in Children
Learn about some common dental emergencies in children and guidelines for what to do.
Dental Fillings (Restorations)
Teeth that have tooth decay must be repaired. Advances in dental materials and methods provide new, effective ways to restore teeth.
Dental Health and Children
Detailed information on dental health in children
Dental Health for Children- Overview
Generally, dental exams and cleanings are recommended every 6 months for children. Encourage good oral hygiene at home by helping your child brush their own teeth.
Dental Procedures for Children
Detailed information on the most common dental procedures, including braces, bleaching, bridges, dentures, dental implants, fillings, root canal, sealants, and wisdom teeth extraction
Dermatitis in Children
Detailed information on dermatitis, including the different types of dermatitis such as atopic dermatitis (eczema), contact dermatitis, dermatitis herpetiformis, generalized exfoliative dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, localized scratch dermatitis, nummular dermatitis, perioral dermatitis, and stasis dermatitis
Dermoid Cyst in Children
A dermoid cyst is a collection of tissue under the skin. It may contain hair follicles, oil, and sweat glands.
Determining Body Mass Index for Teens
Although it is not a perfect measure, BMI gives a fairly accurate evaluation of how much of your teen's body is made up of fat.
Developmental Care for Babies in the NICU
Premature babies especially need a supportive environment to help them continue to mature and develop as they would in their mother's womb.
Developmental Disorders
Detailed information on developmental disorders in children
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Children
In a normal hip joint, the top (head) of the thighbone (femur) fits snugly into the hip socket. In a child with DDH, the hip socket is shallow. As a result, the head of the femur may slip in and out.
Diabetes During Pregnancy
Diabetes is a condition in which the body can't make enough insulin, or can't use insulin normally. Insulin is a hormone. It helps sugar (glucose) in the blood get into cells of the body to be used as fuel. When glucose can’t enter the cells, it builds up in the blood. This is called high blood sugar (hyperglycemia).
Diabetes Index
Detailed information on diabetes, including type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, teens and diabetes, and diet and diabetes
Diabetes Insipidus in Children
Diabetes insipidus is a condition caused by not enough antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the body. ADH is also known as vasopressin. This is a hormone that helps the kidneys keep the correct amount of water in the body. The condition is also called “water diabetes.”
Diagnosing and Evaluating Heart Disease in Children
Detailed information on diagnosing and evaluating heart disease in children
Diagnosing Anemia in Children
Many problems caused by anemia can be prevented when it's diagnosed in children at an early stage. Learn what symptoms to look out for, as well as what tests are done for diagnosis.
Diagnosing Cancer
Many tests are needed to find out if a person has cancer, or if another condition is causing cancer symptoms.
Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis
A detailed look at how cystic fibrosis is diagnosed.
Diagnostic Tests for Allergy in Children
Detailed information on allergy testing for children, including blood tests and skin tests.
Diagnostic Tests for Neurological Disorders in Children
Detailed information on the most common diagnostic tests for neurological disorders in children
Dialysis
Detailed information on dialysis, including peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis
Diamond Blackfan Anemia
Diamond Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a rare blood disorder that is usually diagnosed in children during their first year of life. Children with DBA do not make enough red blood cells – the cells that carry oxygen to all other cells in the body.
Diaper Dermatitis in Children
Diaper dermatitis is inflammation of the skin in the diaper area. It’s a very common condition in babies and toddlers.
Diapers and Diaper Rash
A core part of every baby's care is diapering. Read on for helpful information on changing diapers, preventing and treating diaper rash, and the pros and cons of cloth and disposable diapers.
Diaphragmatic Hernia in Children
A diaphragmatic hernia is a birth defect. It happens in a baby during pregnancy. In this condition, there’s an opening in your baby’s diaphragm. This is the muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.
Diarrhea in Children
Diarrhea is a common problem. It may last 1 or 2 days and go away on its own. If diarrhea lasts more than 2 days, your child may have a more serious problem. Read on to learn more.
Difficulty with Latching On or Sucking
Detailed information on problems with latching-on or sucking during breastfeeding, and how to handle them.
Digestive and Liver Disorders
Detailed information on digestive and liver disorders during pregnancy
Digestive Disorders
Detailed information on the most common digestive disorders in high-risk newborns
Diphtheria in Children
A detailed look at diphtheria, including symptoms, treatment, and a vaccination schedule.
Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP)
Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus are serious illnesses. A combination vaccine is given to babies and children to provide protection against all three diseases.
Discharge from the Hospital
Learn what you can expect about hospital discharge after your child has minor surgery.
Discipline
Detailed information on disciplining a child, including information on time-out, temper tantrum, lying, stealing, and television and children
Disciplining Your Child at Any Age
Each child is different, but most children need to be given clear rules about behavior. Read on for some discipline tips by age group.
Discomforts and Complications After a Child Has Surgery
Common discomforts after surgery include nausea and vomiting, soreness in the throat, and restlessness or sleeplessness.
Discussing Death with Children
The ultimate goal in discussing death with a dying child is to optimize his or her comfort and alleviate any fears. If the child is not ready to discuss death, the most helpful step parents can take is to wait until he or she is ready.
Dislocations in Children
A dislocation is a joint injury. It occurs when the ends of 2 connected bones come apart. Dislocations happen more often among teens.
Disorders Affecting Calcium Metabolism
Detailed information on disorders affecting calcium metabolism, including juvenile osteoporosis, hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, and DiGeorge syndrome
Disorders Affecting the Adrenal Glands
Detailed information on disorders affecting the adrenal glands, including underactive adrenal glands (Addison's disease), overactive adrenal glands (Cushing's syndrome), and pheochromocytoma
Disorders Affecting the Pituitary Gland
Detailed information on disorders affecting the pituitary gland, including posterior anterior disorders and anterior pituitary disorders
Disorders Affecting the Thyroid
Detailed information on disorders affecting the thyroid gland, including hyperthyroidism (Graves disease) and hypothyroidism
Disorders of the Brain and Nervous System
Detailed information on the most common disorders of the brain and nervous system in high-risk newborns
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) in Children
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that includes certain birth defects, learning problems, and facial features. Read on to learn more details about this disorder.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in Children
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a rare genetic condition that weakens your child's muscles. It appears in young boys, usually between ages 2 and 5.
Dyskeratosis Congenita in Children
Dyskeratosis congenita is a rare disease that's present at birth. Learn more about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and complications.
Dysphagia in Children
Dysphagia means trouble swallowing. This condition happens when food or liquids can’t pass easily from your child’s mouth, into the throat, down the esophagus, and into the stomach when swallowing.
Ear Disorders
Detailed information on ear disorders in children
Ear Tube Insertion for Children
An ear tube insertion is when a tiny tube is placed in the eardrum to let fluid leave the middle ear. Read on to learn all about this procedure.
Eating Disorders and Young Athletes
Playing competitive sports can boost self-esteem and teach teamwork and leadership lessons. But sometimes being on a team that focuses too heavily on performance--or appearance--may trigger an eating disorder.
Eating Disorders in Children
Detailed information on adolescents and eating disorders, including anorexia, bulimia and obesity.
Echocardiography for Children
Echocardiography is an imaging test. It uses sound waves to make detailed pictures of the heart.
Ectopic Pregnancy
A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus is called ectopic pregnancy. This nearly always happens in a fallopian tube. So it’s often called tubal pregnancy. Rarely, an ectopic pregnancy will happen in an ovary, in the cervix, or the belly (abdomen).
Egg Allergy Diet for Children
Parents of children with egg sensitivity may not be aware of the many food products that contain eggs. That's why it's important to carefully read food labels. Here's what you should know.
Eisenmenger Syndrome in Children
Eisenmenger syndrome is an advanced form of pulmonary artery hypertension.
Electrical Burns
Electrical burns occur when a child comes in contact with electricity, either alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC).
Electrocardiography for Children
Electrocardiography (ECG) is a simple, fast test to check the electrical activity of your child's heart as blood moves through it.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) for Children
An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test that measures the electrical activity in the brain (brain waves). Small, round discs with wires (electrodes) are placed on the scalp during the test. The electrodes are not painful to your child.
Emergency Contact Information
In an emergency, it is easy to "forget" even the most well-known information. That's why it is crucial to complete the information in this form for each member of your household.
Emergency Treatment of a Burn Injury
Detailed information on emergency treatment of a burn injury
Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy in Children
EDMD is a rare inherited muscle disease. It causes weakness in your child’s shoulders, upper arms, and calves. The disease also causes stiff joints that can’t move well.
Emotional and Family Issues in Children with Heart Disease
A detailed look at the way children may feel about having congenital heart disease, plus some tips for helping them cope.
Encephalitis in Children
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain. The inflammation causes the brain to swell. This leads to changes in a child's nervous system that can include confusion, changes in alertness, and seizures.
Encopresis
Encopresis is when your child leaks stool into their underwear. It is also called stool soiling. It is most often because of long-term (chronic) constipation. Encopresis happens to children ages 4 and older who have already been toilet trained.
Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for Children
Endoscopic sinus surgery is a procedure to open the passages of the nose and sinuses. It is done to treat long-term (chronic) sinus infections. An ear, nose, and throat specialist (ENT) does the surgery.
Enteroviruses in Children
There are many types of enteroviruses. The viruses mostly cause illness in babies, children, and teens. This is because most adults have already been exposed to many enteroviruses and have built up immunity.
Epididymitis in Children
Epididymitis is an inflammation or infection of the epididymis. This is a thin, coiled tube that sits on top of a male testicle. In younger boys, this condition can be caused by a urinary tract infection. In older boys and teens, it's often caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
Epiglottitis in Children
The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage at the base of the tongue at the very back of the throat. When the epiglottis becomes swollen and inflamed, it is called epiglottitis.
Epilepsy and Seizures in Children
Epilepsy is a brain condition that causes a child to have seizures. It is one of the most common disorders of the nervous system.
Epilepsy During Pregnancy
Epilepsy is a disorder of the nervous system. It is also called a seizure disorder. Normally the body's nerves send information by electrical and chemical signals. People with epilepsy have abnormal electrical signals in the brain. This can cause a seizure. Seizures can cause severe shaking of muscles. Or they may be very mild with hardly any symptoms at all.
Equipment That Is Used in the NICU
NICUs are equipped with complex machines and devices to monitor nearly every system of a baby's body--temperature, heart rate, breathing, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, and blood pressure.
Evaluating a Child for Birth Defects
Detailed information on evaluating a child for birth defects
Ewing Sarcoma in Children
Ewing sarcoma is a rare type of cancer. It’s most common in children and teens between ages 10 and 19. It usually grows in bone, but it can also grow in soft tissue that’s connected to the bone. Read on to learn about symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Examples of Teratogens
Detailed information on examples of teratogens
Exercise and Children
Exercise is an important part of keeping children healthy. Encouraging healthy lifestyles in children and teens is important for when they grow older.
Exercise and Teenagers
Teens need at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity on most days for good health and fitness and for healthy weight during growth.
Exercise Electrocardiogram (ECG) Testing for Children
Electrocardiography (ECG) is a simple, fast test to check the electrical activity of your child's heart as blood moves through it. Abnormal ECG results may mean there's a problem with your child's heart.
Expressing Milk for Your High-Risk Baby
You will have to remove milk from your breasts on a regular basis if you are to provide enough of your milk for your high-risk baby.
Expressing Your Milk - Helpful Equipment
Hospital-grade, electric breast pumps are the only pumps built for frequent and prolonged use. These pumps automatically cycle suction with release of suction—similar to a baby's sucking action.
Eye Disorders in Children
Detailed information on eye disorders in children
Eye Medicine and Vitamin K Injection for Newborns
Newborn babies routinely receive eye medicine and a vitamin K injection soon after birth. Both prevent serious conditions.
Eye Safety and First Aid
Detailed information on eye safety and tips to avoid eye injury
Eye Trauma
Detailed information on eye trauma in children
Eyeglasses and Contact Lenses
A child who needs vision correction may wear eyeglasses or contact lenses. Either one comes in a range of choices.
Eyelid Lacerations in Children
Eyelid lacerations are cuts to the eyelid. They are caused by injury.
Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy in Children
FSHD is a rare genetic muscle disease that affects the muscles of your child’s face, shoulders, upper arms, and lower legs.
Factors That May Lead to a Congenital Heart Defect (CHD)
In most cases of congenital heart defect, the cause is thought to be a combination of genetics and environment.
Facts About Animal Bites and Scratches
Whether the bite is from a family pet or an animal in the wild, scratches and bites can become infected and cause scarring. Animals can also carry diseases that can be transmitted through a bite.
Facts About Poisons
Medicines are the leading cause of poisoning in children. Poisoning by makeup and personal care products is the next most common cause.
Failure to Thrive (FTT) in Children
Failure to thrive (FTT) is slow physical development in a baby or child. It's caused by a baby or child not having enough nutrition.
Falls
Detailed information on falls and preventing injuries and death in children
Family Support for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Having a child with autism spectrum disorder can be hard on the entire family. That's why it's so important to have a good support system in place. Read on to learn more.
Fanconi Anemia
Fanconi anemia is a blood disorder in which the bone marrow doesn’t make enough blood cells or makes abnormal types of blood cells.
Feeding A Child Who Has Cystic Fibrosis
Children with cystic fibrosis often have poor weight gain. This can happen even when they get enough calories. Read on for details on how to make sure your child gets enough nutrients--and what to do if your child isn't gaining weight.
Feeding Guide for the First Year
It's important to feed your baby a variety of healthy foods at the correct time. Learn more with this helpful guide.
Female Growth and Development
Detailed information on female physical development
Female Physical Development
Detailed information on female physical development
Femoral Anteversion in Children
Femoral anteversion is an inward twisting of the thighbone (femur). This health problem causes a child's knees and feet to turn inward. The child may have a pigeon-toed appearance.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
A baby born to a mother who drinks alcohol during pregnancy can have many problems. This is called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).
Fetal Blood Sampling
Fetal blood sampling is a procedure to take a small amount of blood from an unborn baby (fetus) during pregnancy. Fetal blood sampling is usually done by a perinatologist with special training. This is a healthcare provider who specializes in the care of babies in high-risk pregnancies.
Fetal Circulation
Through the blood vessels in the umbilical cord, the fetus receives all the necessary nutrition, oxygen, and life support from the mother through the placenta.
Fetal Echocardiography
Fetal echocardiography (echo) uses sound waves to check the heart of your developing baby. Learn why the test is used, and what to expect before, during, and after this test.
Fetal Growth Restriction
Fetal growth restriction is a condition in which an unborn baby is smaller than expected for the number of weeks of pregnancy (gestational age).
Fetal Monitoring
In pregnancy and during labor, your health care provider will check your unborn baby’s heart rate and other functions. Monitoring can be done on the outside of your belly (external monitoring). Or it may be done directly on the baby while inside your uterus (internal monitoring). Fetal monitoring is a very common procedure.
Fetal Movement Counting
Fetal movement counting is a way to check the health of a woman’s unborn baby (fetus). It’s often called kick counting. It’s done by counting the number of kicks you feel from your baby in the womb in a certain time period.
Fever in a Newborn Baby
The system that controls body temperature is not well developed in a newborn. Here's what you need to know about fever and your baby.
Fever in Children
Read on to learn all about fever and children--from symptoms and treatment to how to take your child's temperature.
Fibromyalgia in Children
Fibromyalgia is a condition that causes pain in muscles and soft tissues all over the body. It is an ongoing (chronic) condition. It can affect the neck, shoulders, back, chest, hips, buttocks, arms, and legs.
Fifth Disease in Children
Fifth disease is a viral illness that causes a rash. It occurs most often in the winter and spring.
Fire Safety and Burns
Detailed information on fire safety and burns and preventing injuries and death in children
Fire Safety and Burns Overview
Know the types of burns you can get and how to keep you and your family safe.
Fire Safety and Burns—Identifying High-Risk Situations
Children are at increased risk for serious fire and burn injuries and death because they have thinner skin than adults. This results in burns at lower temperatures.
Firearms
Detailed information on firearm safety and preventing injuries and death in children
First Aid for a Choking Baby
If your baby is choking, first aid may clear the airway so your baby can breathe. Read on to learn what to do.
First Aid for Poisonings in a Child
Sometimes accidental poisonings can be treated in the home under the direction of a poison control center or your child's healthcare provider. At other times, emergency medical care is necessary.
First Aid for the Eyes
A helpful guide to treating different types of eye injuries.
First-Degree Burn in Children
A burn is damage to tissues of the body caused by contact with things such as heat, radiation, or chemicals. A first-degree burn affects only the outer layer of skin (epidermis).
Flat or Inverted Nipples
Detailed information on breastfeeding and flat or inverted nipples.
Flea, Mite, or Chigger Bites in Children
Fleas, mites, and chiggers are different kinds of small insects. They are also parasites. This means they feed off the blood, skin, or both of animals and humans. These insects are more common in the warm weather. They bite skin and cause symptoms such as bumps, redness, pain, or itching.
Flossing and Children
Flossing should be started when your child is about 2 to 3 years old, under the direction of your child's dentist. Read on for helpful tips, including step-by-step flossing directions.
Fluoride and Children
Fluoride helps prevent tooth decay, strengthens tooth enamel, and reduces the harmful effects of plaque.
Folliculitis, Furuncles, and Carbuncles in Children
Bacteria on the skin can cause an infection of one or more hair follicles. A hair follicle is the base or root of a hair.
Food Allergies in Children
A food allergy is when your child’s body has a bad immune reaction to a certain food. This is different than a food intolerance which does not affect the immune system. This is true even though some of the same signs may be present.
For Parents: Important Decisions to Be Made in the Dying Process
Detailed information on important decisions to be made when a child is dying, including the right to refuse treatment, to die at home versus the hospital, advanced directives, do not resuscitate, autopsy, organ donation, palliative hospice care, and funeral arrangements.
For Parents: Signs That Your Child Is Being Bullied
Bullying is very common. About 1 in 5 children and teens ages 12 to 18 report that they were bullied over the last 12 months.
For Parents: What to Do if Your Child Is a Bully
Here’s what you can do as a parent to stop the bullying.
Foreign Bodies in the Ear, Nose, and Airway
Children usually place things in their ears because they are bored, curious, or copying other children. Some objects may cause no symptoms, but other objects, such as food and insects, may cause pain in the ear, redness, or drainage.
Foreign Bodies in the Eye in Children
A foreign body in your child’s eye is any object that isn’t supposed to be there. The foreign object may be in the conjunctiva. This is a thin membrane that covers the white of the eye. Or it may be in the cornea. This is the clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the colored part of the eye and the pupil.
Fractures in Children
A fracture is a partial or complete break in the bone. When a fracture happens, it is classified as either open or closed.
Fractures of the Orbit in Children
An orbital fracture happens when one or more bones around one of your child's eyes is broken. The orbit is the bony structure around the eye.
Frostbite and Frostnip in Children
Frostbite is damage to parts of the body from freezing. It occurs when ice crystals form in the skin or in deeper tissue. Frostnip is a mild form of frostbite. It does not cause permanent tissue damage.
Fungal Infections
Detailed information on fungal skin infections, including Candidiasis, Tinea Infections, and Tinea Versicolor
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in Children and Teens
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a mental health problem. A child with GAD has a lot of worry and fear that seems to have no real cause.
Genetic Disorders Associated with Congenital Heart Disease
Detailed information on congenital heart disease, including patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular canal, tricuspid atresia, pulmonary atresia, transposition of the great arteries, tetralogy of Fallot, double outlet right ventricle, truncus arteriosus, coarctation of the aorta, aortic stenosis, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Genital Herpes
It's important not to get genital herpes during pregnancy. A first episode during pregnancy raises the risk of passing the disease on to your baby.
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) in Children
GERD, or gastroesophageal reflux disease, is a long-term (chronic) digestive disorder. It happens when stomach contents flow back up (reflux) into the food pipe (esophagus).
Germ Cell Tumors (GCTs) in Children
Germ cells form as a baby grows in the womb. The cells usually form the eggs (ova) in females and the sperm in males. Germ cell tumors are made up of these underdeveloped cells. The tumors may be cancer (malignant) or not cancer (benign).
Gestational Hypertension
Gestational hypertension is high blood pressure in pregnancy. It occurs in about 3 in 50 pregnancies.
Glomerulonephritis in Children
Glomerulonephritis is a type of kidney disease that makes it hard for the kidneys to filter blood from urine.
Gonadotropin-Independent Precocious Puberty
Puberty that happens early is called precocious puberty. Gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty is caused by early secretion of high levels of sex hormones. These include the male androgens and female estrogens.
Graves Disease in a Newborn (Neonatal Graves Disease)
Graves disease is an autoimmune disease. The immune system normally protects the body from germs with chemicals called antibodies. But with an autoimmune disease, it makes antibodies that attack the body’s own tissues. With Graves disease, antibodies cause the thyroid gland to make too much thyroid hormone. This is known as hyperthyroidism. Extra thyroid hormone in the bloodstream leads to the body's metabolism being too active.
Graves Disease in Children
Graves disease is an autoimmune disease. With this disease, antibodies cause the thyroid gland to make too much thyroid hormone. This is known as hyperthyroidism. Excess thyroid hormone in the bloodstream leads to the body's metabolism being too active. It can cause problems such as weight loss, nervousness, fast heartbeat, tiredness, and other issues. It’s an ongoing (chronic) condition that needs lifelong treatment.
Graves Disease in Pregnancy
Graves disease is a condition where the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone. This is called hyperthyroidism or overactive thyroid. Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy.
Grief and Bereavement
The process of grieving is often long and painful for parents, siblings, relatives, friends, peers, teachers, neighbors, and anyone that understands the loss of a child.
Growth and Development in Children with Congenital Heart Disease
Children with congenital heart disease often grow and develop more slowly than other children. Here's what you should know.
Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children
Growth hormone (GH) deficiency is when the pituitary gland doesn't make enough growth hormone. GH is needed to stimulate growth of bone and other tissues. This condition can occur at any age. GH deficiency does not affect a child's intelligence.
Growth in Children
Detailed information on growth in children, including normal growth, newborn screening tests, growth problems, growth hormone deficiency, and achondroplasia
Growth Problems in Children
A growth problem means that a child falls either below or above the average range of growth for a child's age, sex, family history, or racial background.
Growth-Related Disorders
Detailed information on the most common growth-related disorders in children
Guillain-Barré Syndrome in Children
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a short-term but often life-threatening disorder that affects the nerves in the body. GBS can cause muscle weakness, pain, and short-term (temporary) paralysis of the facial, chest, and leg muscles.
Gynecological and Menstrual Conditions
Detailed information on the most common gynecological and menstrual conditions that affect adolescents
Gynecological Health
Detailed information on gynecological health of a child
Gynecological Infections
Detailed information on gynecological problems in a child
Haemophilus Influenzae Infections in Children
Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) is a group of bacteria that can cause different types of infections in babies and children. H. influenzae most often cause ear, eye, or sinus infections. They also cause pneumonia.
Haemophilus Influenzae Type b (Hib)
Haemophilus influenzae type b is a serious bacterial disease that usually strikes children younger than 5. It is spread from person-to-person by coughing and sneezing.
Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Children
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is an illness caused by a virus. It causes a rash on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. It can also occur in the diaper area, and on the legs and arms.
Head Injury in Children
The more common causes of head injury in children are falls, motor vehicle accidents—in which the child is either a passenger or a pedestrian—or a result of child abuse.
Head Lice in Children
Head lice are tiny parasitic bugs that can infest the skin. They live on people’s heads and feed on their blood. Head lice can cause intense itching.
Headaches in Children
Many headaches in children may be caused by tight muscles and dilated blood vessels in the head. Other headaches may be caused by an actual problem, such as a tumor or malformation of the brain, although this is much less common.
Health Maintenance
Detailed information on proper health maintenance for a child
Health Promotion and Common Problems
Detailed information on health promotion and common health problems in children
Healthy Diets Overview
Eating healthy is an important part of a healthy lifestyle and is something that should be taught to children at a young age.
Healthy Eating During Adolescence
Encourage your teen to eat three balanced meals a day, with fruits or vegetables as snacks.
Healthy Lifestyles
Detailed information on healthy lifestyle choices for teenagers
Healthy Sleep Habits
The normal amount of sleep varies depending on the age of your child. Read on for helpful tips to create healthy sleep habits, plus a chart of normal day and night sleep times by age.
Hearing Aids for Children
Hearing aids can help improve hearing and speech, especially in children with hearing loss in the inner ear caused by damaged hair cells or a damaged hearing nerve. Read on to learn about the types of hearing aids available, and what to think about before buying one.
Hearing Loss in Babies
Hearing loss in babies is rare in this country. But when it does happen, it's important to diagnose it early. Undetected hearing loss can delay speech and language development.
Hearing Loss in Children
A look at the 3 different types of hearing loss and what causes them.
Hearing Screening Tests for Newborns
Today nearly all newborns are screened for hearing loss. Here's a look at why, and the types of screening tests that are done.
Hearing, Speech, and Language
Detailed information on hearing, speech, and language in children
Heart Defects Causing Obstructions to Blood Flow
Detailed information on heart defects that cause obstructions in blood flow
Heart Defects Causing Too Little Blood Flow Through the Lungs
Detailed information on heart defects that cause too little blood flow through the lungs
Heart Defects Causing Too Much Blood Flow Through the Lungs
Detailed information on heart defects that cause extra blood flow through the lungs
Heart Disorders
Detailed information on heart disorders in high-risk newborns
Heart Failure in Children
Heart failure is when the heart can't pump enough blood to the body. In children, it is often caused by a congenital heart defect.
Heart Murmurs in Children
Heart murmurs are extra or unusual sounds made by blood moving through the heart. Many children have heart murmurs. Some cause no problems or go away over time. Others need treatment.
Heart Transplant for Children
A heart transplant is a surgery to replace a diseased heart with a healthy one from an organ donor. This topic describes the transplant surgery for children and what to expect from it.
Heart-Healthy Eating for Children
This offers detailed information on heart-healthy eating for children.
Heat-Related Illnesses (Heat Cramps, Heat Exhaustion, Heat Stroke)
Children and teens are at greater risk for heat-related illnesses for several reasons. They adjust more slowly to changes in air temperature. They also make more heat with activity and sweat less.
Helicobacter Pylori in Children
H. pylori (Helicobacter pylori) is a spiral-shaped germ (bacteria) that infects the stomach. It can damage the tissue in your child’s stomach and the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). This can cause redness and swelling (inflammation). It may also cause painful sores called peptic ulcers in the upper digestive tract.
HELLP Syndrome
HELLP syndrome is a rare but life-threatening condition in pregnancy. It causes red cells in the blood to break down. It also causes problems with the liver, bleeding, and blood pressure. It's often linked with preeclampsia and eclampsia. It often develops before delivery. But it may also occur after delivery.
Hemifacial Microsomia (HFM) in Children
Hemifacial microsomia (HFM) is a congenital disorder. This means that your child is born with it. In this condition, one side of your baby’s face is underdeveloped (hemi means half). HFM usually only affects one side of the face. Sometimes both sides may be affected.
Hemoglobin C Disease
Most people carry hemoglobin A in their red blood cells. Those who carry hemoglobin C, considered an abnormal variation, may develop hemoglobin C disease. This blood disorder develops because the red blood cells break down earlier than they should, leaving too few in the blood and leading to mild anemia.
Hemoglobin E Trait
Hemoglobin E trait is an inherited blood disorder. That means it's passed down through your parent’s genes. Read on to learn more.
Hemolytic Anemia in Children
Hemolytic anemia is a group of disorders in which the red blood cells are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can make them. Learn more about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) is a blood problem in newborns. It occurs when your baby's red blood cells break down at a fast rate. It’s also called erythroblastosis fetalis.
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Children
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a rare condition that can lead to kidney failure. The syndrome harms the small structures and vessels inside the kidneys. HUS causes red blood cells to clog the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys. It may cause damage to the kidney tissues.
Hemophilia
Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder. People with hemophilia can’t stop bleeding because they don’t have enough clotting factor in their blood. Clotting factors are needed for blood to clot. Blood clots to prevent excessive bleeding.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) in Children
An infant or young child who contracts hepatitis B is at greater risk of staying infected with the virus and of having lifelong liver problems, such as scarring of the liver and liver cancer.
Hepatitis in Children
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. It can damage and destroy liver cells.
Hepatoblastoma in Children
Hepatoblastoma is a very rare cancer. It’s a tumor that starts in the liver. The cancer cells are similar to fetal liver cells. It usually affects children less than 3 to 4 years of age.
Herpangina in Children
Herpangina is a very common illness in children. It causes small blisterlike bumps or sores (ulcers) in the mouth.
Herpes Simplex Virus (Cold Sores) in Children
Cold sores are small blisters around the mouth caused by the herpes simplex virus. Once a child is infected with the virus, the virus becomes inactive (dormant) for long periods of time. It can then become active at any time and cause cold sores.
High Blood Pressure in Children and Teens
Blood pressure is the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls. High blood pressure (hypertension) means that the pressure inside the arteries is too high. This higher pressure may harm the arteries and cause the heart to work harder.
High-Risk Newborn Blood Disorders
Detailed information on blood disorders that place a newborn at higher risk and require clinical care by a physician or other healthcare professional
HIV Home Care for a Child
Detailed information on HIV home care for your child
HIV/AIDS and Pregnancy
A mother with HIV can pass the virus to her baby during pregnancy, labor and delivery, and breastfeeding.
Hodgkin Lymphoma in Children
Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer in the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is part of the immune system. It helps to fight diseases and infections. The lymphatic system also helps with balancing fluids in different parts of the body.
Holter Monitoring for Children
Holter monitoring is a way to continuously check the electrical activity of the heart. Your child will wear a small device called a Holter monitor for at least 24 to 48 hours. The device constantly checks your child's heart during this time.
Home Care for Children with Sickle Cell Disease
Although a child who has sickle cell disease should be under a health care provider's care, parents can do many things at home to reduce symptoms and maintain the child's health.
Home Page - Adolescent Medicine
Detailed information on adolescent medicine, including growth and development, cognitive development, relationship development, health and injury problems, and safety
Home Page - Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology
Detailed information on allergy, asthma, and immunology
Home Page - Burns
Detailed information on burns, including anatomy, classification, treatment, and prevention
Home Page - Cardiovascular Disorders
Detailed information on cardiovascular diseases in children
Home Page - Care of the Terminally Ill Child
Detailed information on care of the terminally ill child
Home Page - Child and Adolescent Mental Health
Detailed information on child and adolescent mental health disorders
Home Page - Common Childhood Injuries and Poisonings
Detailed information on the common poisonings and injuries of children
Home Page - Craniofacial Anomalies
Detailed information on craniofacial anomalies, including Cleft Lip, Cleft Palate, Craniosynostosis, Deformational Plagiocephaly, Hemifacial Microsomia, Vascular Malformations, and Hemangiomas
Home Page - Dental and Oral Health
Detailed information on dental and oral health in children
Home Page - Dermatology and Children
Detailed information on dermatology and children
Home Page - Diabetes and Other Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
Detailed information on diabetes and other endocrine and metabolic disorders that affect children
Home Page - Digestive and Liver Disorders
Detailed information on digestive disorders in children
Home Page - Ear, Nose, and Throat
Detailed information on ear, nose, and throat disorders in children
Home Page - Eye Care and Children
Detailed information on eye disorders in children
Home Page - Genitourinary and Kidney Disorders
Detailed information on genitourinary and kidney disorders in children
Home Page - Growth and Development
Detailed information on proper health maintenance for a child
Home Page - Hematology and Blood Disorders in Children
Detailed information on blood disorders, including Anemia, Aplastic Anemia, Hemolytic Anemia, Iron Deficiency Anemia, Megaloblastic Anemia, Sickle Cell Anemia, Thalassemia, Alpha Thalassemia, Beta Thalassemia (Cooley's Anemia)
Home Page - High-Risk Newborn
Detailed information on high-risk newborns
Home Page - High-Risk Pregnancy
Detailed information on high-risk pregnancy
Home Page - Infectious Diseases in Children
Detailed information on infectious diseases in children
Home Page - Medical Genetics
Detailed information on medical genetics, including chromosome abnormalities, single gene defects, multifactorial inheritance, teratogens, and non-traditional inheritance
Home Page - Neurological Disorders
Detailed information on neurological disorders in children
Home Page - Normal Newborn
Detailed information on newborn care
Home Page - Oncology
Detailed information on cancer in children
Home Page - Orthopedics
Detailed information on orthopedic disorders in children
Home Page - Pediatric Arthritis and Other Rheumatic Diseases
Detailed information on pediatric arthritis and other rheumatic diseases
Home Page - Respiratory Disorders in Children
Detailed information on respiratory disorders in children
Home Page - Safety and Injury Prevention
Detailed information on safety and injury prevention of children
Home Page - The Child Having Surgery
Detailed information on surgery in children
Home Page - Transplantation
Detailed information on transplantation in children
Home Wound Care
Your child may come home with unhealed areas that still need dressing changes. You will be trained on how to change dressings before you leave the hospital.
Horseshoe Kidney (Renal Fusion) in Children
Horseshoe kidney is when the 2 kidneys join (fuse) together at the bottom. They form a U shape like a horseshoe.
Hospice Care for a Child
The goal of hospice care is to provide the terminally ill child peace, comfort, and dignity.
Hospital Visit/Preoperative Clinic
Touring the hospital before surgery can help your child see the sights, sounds, and events they will experience the day of surgery. It is a nonthreatening, often reassuring, way to learn about the hospital.
How Breastmilk Is Made
Detailed information on how breastmilk is made for breastfeeding.
How the Liver Works
Detailed information on how the liver works, including a full-color, labeled illustration of the digestive system
How to Manage Hearing Loss in Children
A look at the healthcare team members involved in diagnosing a child's hearing loss, and different ways of managing hearing loss.
Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIVs) in Children
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are a group of viruses that cause different types of respiratory infections. They are more common in children and babies. But they can occur in people of any age, especially those with a weak immune system.
Hydramnios
In this condition, there is too much amniotic fluid around your baby during pregnancy. It happens in about 1 in 100 pregnancies.
Hydrocele in Children
A hydrocele is fluid buildup in the thin pouch that holds the testes in the scrotum. Up to 1 in 10 baby boys have a hydrocele at birth. In most cases, it goes away without treatment in the first year.
Hydrocephalus
A baby with hydrocephalus has extra fluid around the brain. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Too much CSF can increase the pressure in your baby’s head. This causes the bones in your baby’s skull to expand and separate. The baby's head may look larger than normal.
Hydrops Fetalis
Hydrops fetalis is severe swelling (edema) in an unborn baby or a newborn baby. It is a life-threatening problem.
Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn
Hyperbilirubinemia happens when there is too much bilirubin in your baby’s blood. Bilirubin is made by the breakdown of red blood cells. It’s hard for babies to get rid of bilirubin. It can build up in their blood, tissues, and fluids.
Hyperparathyroidism in Children
Hyperparathyroidism is when the parathyroid glands make too much parathyroid hormone. The condition is rare in children.
Hypocalcemia in the Newborn
Hypocalcemia is when a person doesn't have enough calcium in the blood. In babies, it’s called neonatal hypocalcemia. Your baby can get it at different times and from different causes.
Hypoglycemia in a Newborn Baby
Hypoglycemia is when the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood is too low. Glucose is the main source of fuel for the brain and the body. In a newborn baby, low blood sugar can happen for many reasons. It can cause problems such as shakiness, blue color to the skin, and breathing and feeding problems. Read on to learn more.
Hypoglycemia in Children
Hypoglycemia is when the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood is too low. Hypoglycemia can be a condition by itself. Or it can be a complication of diabetes or other disorder. Read on to learn more.
Hypoparathyroidism in Children
Hypoparathyroidism is when the parathyroid glands don’t make enough parathyroid hormone. The parathyroid glands are four tiny glands on the thyroid. The hormone they make helps manage levels of calcium in the bloodstream. Low levels of the hormone leads to low levels of calcium. This can lead to muscle spasms and cramping, called tetany.
Hypopituitarism in Children
Hypopituitarism means that the pituitary gland is not working normally. The pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain. It’s the master endocrine gland in the body. The pituitary gland normally releases as many as 8 different hormones. These hormones control growth, metabolism, blood pressure, and other body processes. The effects of hypopituitarism may be slow over time. Or they may be sudden.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS) in Children
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a group of defects of the heart and large blood vessels. A child is born with this condition (congenital heart defect). It occurs when part of the heart doesn't develop as it should during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy.
Hypospadias in Children
Hypospadias is a problem where the opening of the urethra is not at the tip of the penis. With hypospadias, the end of the tube is lower down on the underside of the penis. Or it may be in the scrotum.
Identification, Treatment, and Prevention of Birth Defects
Detailed information on the identification, treatment, and prevention of birth defects
If Your Child Has Trouble Adjusting After a Burn Injury
Agitated behavior, such as crying, sleep disturbances and nightmares, and repeated episodes of sadness, are signs that your child may be having trouble coping with stress.
IgA Vasculitis in Children
IgA Vasculitis is a condition that involves swelling (inflammation) of small blood vessels. The swollen blood vessels leak into the skin, joints, intestines, and kidneys.
Immune Deficiencies
Detailed information on immune deficiency disorders in children, including Severe Combined Immunodeficiency, Common Variable Immunodeficiency, DiGeorge Syndrome, and X-linked Agammaglobulinemia
Immune Disorders
Detailed information on the immune system and immune disorders
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Children
ITP is a blood disorder that causes a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood. Platelets help stop bleeding. So a decrease in platelets can result in easy bruising, bleeding gums, and bleeding inside the body.
Imperforate Anus in Children
Imperforate anus happens when your child is born with a blocked or missing anus. Learn more about this condition, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Impetigo in Children
Impetigo is a skin infection. When it affects just the surface, it’s called superficial impetigo. Impetigo can also affect deeper parts of the skin. This is called ecthyma. It may occur on healthy skin. Or it may occur where the skin was injured by a cut, scrape, or insect bite.
Infant
Detailed information on infant health
Infant Nutrition
Choosing how to feed your baby is an important decision that has life-long effects for your baby and for you.
Infant of a Mother with Diabetes
When a mother has diabetes, her baby is at risk for problems. Read on to learn more.
Infant Play
Read on for helpful suggestions for activities and toys for your baby, according to their age.
Infant Problems of the Teeth and Mouth
Detailed information on infant problems of the teeth and mouth
Infant Sleep
If you know anything about your baby's sleeping pattern, it's probably that it doesn't coincide with yours. But learning more about your baby's nighttime and daytime sleep needs can help you recognize what's normal, and what's not.
Infectious Diseases
Detailed information on infectious diseases in children
Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono) in Teens and Young Adults
Infectious mononucleosis is a contagious illness. It’s common in teens and young adults.
Inflammatory and Infectious Digestive Disorders
Detailed information on digestive inflammatory and infectious disorders in children
Inflammatory and Infectious Musculoskeletal Disorders
Detailed information on the most common types of inflammatory and infectious disorders in children
Inflammatory and Infectious Neurological Disorders
Detailed information on the most common inflammatory and infectious disorders in children
Influenza (Flu) in Children
Influenza (flu) is a very contagious viral infection that affects the air passages of the lungs. It causes a high fever, body aches, a cough, and other symptoms.
Inguinal and Umbilical Hernias in Children
A hernia is when a part of the intestine pushes through a weak spot in the belly (abdominal) muscles. The hernia creates a soft lump or bulge under the skin.
Inguinal Hernia in Children
A hernia occurs when a part of the intestine pushes through a weakness in the belly (abdominal) muscles. A hernia in the groin area is called an inguinal hernia.
Injuries to a Child's Tooth
The injury may be to a primary tooth or a permanent tooth. A tooth can be cracked, chipped, or totally detached from its socket.
Insect Bites and Children
Detailed information on insect bites, including fleas, mites, chiggers, and ticks
Insect Stings and Allergic Reactions in Children
For most children, the reaction to a sting is brief, with redness and swelling followed by pain and itching. Others may have an allergic reaction that is life-threatening. Read on for details.
Insect Stings in Children
Insect stings can occur anywhere on the body and can be painful and frightening for a child. Most insect stings cause only minor discomfort. Most stings are from honeybees or yellow jackets, also called ground hornets.
Insects in a Child's Ear
Read on for important tips on what to do if your child has an insect in their ear.
Intensive Care
Intensive care is needed for children who have had certain types of major surgery: heart operations, organ transplants, or neurosurgery.
Interacting with a Child Who Has Autism Spectrum Disorder
If you are a parent or grandparent of a child with ASD, it can be heartbreaking if you feel like you just can't connect with them. Here are some things to know that can help you and your relationship.
Intestinal Malrotation and Volvulus in Children
Intestinal malrotation is a birth defect. It happens when your baby’s intestinal tract doesn’t form as it should during pregnancy. Malrotation happens when your baby’s intestine doesn’t turn like it should.
Intraoperative Care for Children
Detailed information on intraoperative management
Intravenous (IV) Line and Tubes
Because most babies in the NICU are too small or sick to take milk feedings, medicines and fluids are often given through their veins or arteries.
Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Babies
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is bleeding inside or around the ventricles in the brain. The ventricles are the spaces in the brain that contain the cerebral spinal fluid.
Intussusception in Children
Intussusception is a serious problem in the intestine. It's the most common abdominal emergency in early childhood. Read on to learn more.
Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Children
Anemia is a common health problem in children. A common cause of anemia is a child who doesn't have enough red blood cells or enough hemoglobin. Read on to learn more.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) in Children
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a long-term (chronic) disorder that affects the large intestine or colon. IBS causes painful belly (abdominal) and bowel symptoms.
Juvenile Ankylosing Spondylitis (JAS) in Children
Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis. It affects the spine and the places where the muscles, tendons, and ligaments are attached to bone. Ankylosing means stiff or rigid. Spondyl means spine. Its refers to inflammation.
Juvenile Arthritis and Other Rheumatic Diseases
Arthritis is an inflammation of the joints that causes pain and swelling. Juvenile arthritis is the term used for arthritis in children. Read on to learn more.
Juvenile Dermatomyositis
Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is a rare disease that causes muscle inflammation and a skin rash.
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a form of arthritis in children. Arthritis causes joint swelling (inflammation) and joint stiffness. JIA is arthritis that affects 1 or more joints for at least 6 weeks in a child age 16 or younger.
Juvenile Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a condition where the bones are thinner than normal. It’s a condition that gets worse over time. This means that bones get thinner over time, or don’t grow as they should. The bones are then weaker and at higher risk of breaking. The condition is much more common in older adults. But it can also occur during childhood. In children, it’s called juvenile osteoporosis.
Kawasaki Disease in Children
Kawasaki disease is a rare illness that most often affects children. Learn more about this condition, including symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and complications.
Keeping Your Baby Warm
Premature and low-birth-weight babies may be too immature to regulate their own temperature, even in a warm environment. Read on to learn how to safely keep them warm.
Keratitis in Children
Keratitis is an inflammation or infection of the cornea of the eye. The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye.
Ketogenic Diet for Seizures in Children
A ketogenic diet is a special type of diet that causes the body to make ketones. The diet is very high in fat, and very low in carbohydrates. It includes enough protein to help your child grow.
Kidney Disease in Children
Kidney disease (renal failure) is short-term or permanent damage to the kidneys that results in loss of normal kidney function.
Kidney Transplantation in Children
Detailed information on kidney transplants, including why a kidney transplant is recommended, what is involved in kidney transplant surgery, and the long-term outlook for a child after a kidney transplant.
Knowing When to Get Treatment for Your Child
Common symptoms of a potential emotional, behavioral, or developmental problem include poor grades in school, withdrawal from friends and family, and insomnia.
Kyphosis in Children
Kyphosis is a deformity of the backbone (spine). It's when the bones of the spine (vertebrae) in the upper back curve outward more than they should.
Lacerations (Cuts) Without Stitches in Children
A laceration (cut) is a tear or opening in the skin caused by an injury. Some lacerations are small and need only minor treatment at home.
Lacerations with Stitches and Adhesive Strips (Child)
Stitches and adhesive strips are used to treat lacerations. Learn how to give your child first aid for cuts and when stitches or adhesive strips are needed.
Lactose Intolerance in Children
Lactose intolerance is when the body can’t easily break down or digest lactose. Lactose is a sugar found in milk and milk products.
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis in Children
Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare disorder that causes damage to tissues all over the body. Read on to learn about causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments.
Language Disorders in Children
A language disorder in a child means they have trouble understanding words that they hear and read. Or the child has trouble speaking with others and expressing thoughts and feelings.
Large for Gestational Age
Large for gestational age is used to describe newborn babies who weigh more than the usual amount for the number of weeks of pregnancy. Babies are called large for gestational age if they weigh more than 9 in 10 babies of the same gestational age.
Lead Poisoning in Children
Lead poisoning is a totally preventable disease. Children ages 1 to 3 who live in low-income housing built before 1978 are especially at risk. Read on to learn more.
Learning Disorders in Children
A learning disorder is when a child has trouble learning in certain school subjects. Your child may have problems with reading, math, or writing. Here's what you need to know, and how to help.
Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
This disease is a temporary condition that causes the hip joint to become painful and stiff.
Leukemia in Children
Leukemia is cancer of the blood. It’s the most common form of cancer in childhood. The cancer cells grow in bone marrow and go into the blood.
Liver Disorders
Detailed information on the most common liver disorders in children
Liver Transplant for Children
A liver transplant is surgery to replace a diseased liver with a healthy liver from another person.
Living with Aplastic Anemia
Aplastic anemia is a rare blood disorder that most often occurs in children, teens, and young adults. This piece offers helpful information on how to help your child live with this disease.
Living With Congenital Heart Disease
Detailed information for children living with a congenital heart disease
Lordosis in Children
Lordosis is a deformity of the backbone (spine). It's when the bones of the spine (vertebrae) in the lower back curve inward more than normal.
Low Milk Production
Detailed information on breastfeeding and low breastmilk production.
Lower Respiratory Disorders
Detailed information on lower respiratory disorders in children
Lung Transplantation in Children
A detailed look at lung transplantation in children, including why it is advised, information about the surgery, and the long-term outlook for a child after a lung transplant.
Lupus and Pregnancy
Many women with lupus give birth to healthy children. The key to a successful pregnancy is to know how lupus affects your body.
Lying and Stealing
Lying and stealing are common, but inappropriate, behaviors in school-aged children. Most of the time these behaviors will be outgrown. Here's what you should know.
Lyme Disease in Children
Lyme disease is an infection caused by bacteria called Borrelia burgdorferi. The bacteria are usually spread by tick bites. Lyme disease is a year-round problem, but it peaks during the spring and summer months.
Lymphadenopathy in Children
Lymphadenopathy means swelling of the lymph nodes or glands. Lymphadenopathy can occur in just one area of the body, such as the neck. Or it may affect lymph nodes throughout the body. The cervical lymph nodes, found in the neck, are the most common site of lymphadenopathy.
Lymphatic Malformations in Children
A lymphatic malformation is a lymphatic vessel that isn't formed correctly. The vessel traps the lymph fluid and causes cysts to form. Your child may have 1 or more of these cysts.
Lymphatic Masses
Detailed information on lymphatic masses in children
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for Children
MRI is a procedure that uses a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer to create detailed images of organs and tissues in the body. It’s used to diagnose problems in many areas of the body.
Major Depression in Teens
Major depression goes beyond the day's normal ups and downs. It involves a teen's body, mood, and thoughts. It can affect and disrupt eating, sleeping, or thinking patterns.
Male Conditions
Detailed information on the most common male genitourinary conditions
Male Growth and Development
Detailed information on male growth and development
Male Physical Development
Detailed information on male growth and development
Malocclusion in Children
Malocclusion is when a child’s teeth become crooked or crowded. The child may also have a problem with their bite. That means the teeth of the upper jaw don’t meet normally with the teeth of the lower jaw when the jaw is closed.
Managing Poor Weight Gain in Your Breastfed Baby
Sometimes a breastfed baby will gain weight more slowly than they should. Read on to learn some helpful tips on how to deal with this.
Marfan Syndrome in Children
Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the body's connective tissue. Connective tissue holds the body's cells, organs, and other tissue together. Connective tissue is also important in growth and development.
Mastoiditis in Children
Mastoiditis is a complication of a middle ear infection. Read on to learn more about symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Maternal and Fetal Infections
In pregnancy, infections are a common complication—but women may not have obvious symptoms, or they may show different symptoms of an infection.
Maternal and Fetal Testing
Women with high-risk pregnancies often need a close watch for potential problems or complications. Many tests and procedures are available to monitor the health of both mother and baby.
Maternal and Fetal Testing Overview
Many tests and procedures are available to keep track of the health of both you and your baby. Many of these pose little or no risk.
Maternal Nutrition and Breastfeeding
People who are breastfeeding should eat a well-balanced, varied diet and drink enough liquids. Read on for more details.
Maternity Leave
The length of time given for a paid maternity leave of absence varies among companies. Some women extend their maternity leaves by taking additional weeks of unpaid leave.
Meal Planning for Children with Diabetes
It's important to learn about correct meal planning when your child has diabetes. The type and amount of food your child eats affects their blood sugar levels.
Measles (Rubeola) in Children
Measles (rubeola) is a respiratory illness caused by a virus. It causes a red, blotchy rash. It’s a very contagious illness.
Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccine
The MMR vaccine is given in 2 doses--at 12 to 15 months and at 4 to 6 years, or at least 1 month after the first dose.
Meckel Diverticulum
Meckel diverticulum is a small pouch in the wall of the intestine. It’s near where the small and large intestines meet. This condition is the most common birth defect of the digestive system. It happens to about 1 in 50 babies.
Meconium Aspiration
Meconium aspiration happens when a newborn breathes in a mixture of meconium and amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid is the liquid that surrounds the baby in the womb. Meconium is the baby's first stool, or poop, which is sticky, thick, and dark green. It is typically passed in the womb during early pregnancy and again in the first few days after birth.
Medical Genetics: Chromosome Studies
When a chromosome is abnormal, it can cause health problems in the body. Tests called studies can look at chromosomes to see what type of problem a person has.
Medical Genetics: DNA Studies for Single Gene Defects
To look for single gene defects, healthcare providers look at the DNA to see if it has any errors in it. Errors are known as mutations.
Medical Genetics: Getting Genetic Services for Your Child
Genetic services are programs that help support families and children with genetic disorders.
Medical Genetics: How Chromosome Abnormalities Happen
Chromosome problems usually happen as a result of an error when cells divide.
Medical Genetics: How Genetic Testing Is Used
Genetic testing can help find diseases that run in a family or don't yet have symptoms.
Medical Genetics: Mosaicism
Mosaicism is when a person has 2 or more genetically different sets of cells in his or her body.
Medical Genetics: Teratogens
A teratogen is something that can cause or raise the risk for a birth defect in a baby. They are things that a mother may be exposed to during her pregnancy.
Medical Genetics: Treatment with Gene and Enzyme Replacement Therapy
Gene therapy is a way to change the genes a person has. Enzyme therapy treats a genetic condition by replacing a certain enzyme.
Medical Genetics: Types of Genetic Changes
Genetic changes come in 2 main types: chromosome abnormalities and single-gene defects.
Medical Genetics-Multifactorial Inheritance
Multifactorial inheritance is when more than 1 factor causes a trait or health problem, such as a birth defect or chronic illness. Genes can be 1 factor, but other things that aren't genes can play a part, too.
Medicine Rashes in Children
Medicine rashes are the body’s reaction to a certain medicine. The type of rash that occurs depends on the type of medicine that is causing it. Rashes can range from mild to severe.
Megaloblastic Anemia in Children
Anemia is a problem in which there are not enough red blood cells or hemoglobin. In megaloblastic anemia, the bone marrow, where the cells are formed, makes fewer cells. And the cells that are formed don’t live as long as normal.
Megaureter in Children
Megaureter is a ureter that is much wider than normal. A megaureter may not drain urine normally. This can lead to infections and kidney damage.
Meningitis in Children
Meningitis is most often caused by a bacterial or viral infection that moves into the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF).
Meningococcal Infection in Children
Meningococcal infections are not common, but they can be fatal. They occur most often in late winter and early spring. Children are more often affected, but the illnesses also occur in teens and adults.
Menstrual Cramps (Dysmenorrhea) in Teens
Menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) are severe, painful cramps that occur with menstruation.
Menstrual Disorders
Detailed information on the most common menstrual conditions, including premenstrual syndrome (PMS), premenstrual dysphoric disorder, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and menorrhagia
Metatarsus Adductus in Children
Metatarsus adductus is a common foot deformity noted at birth. It causes the front half of the child's foot (forefoot) to turn inward.
Microcephaly in Children
Microcephaly is a condition where a baby's head is much smaller than normal. It is most often present at birth (congenital). Most children with microcephaly also have a small brain and an intellectual disability. Some children with small heads have normal intelligence.
Micropenis in Children
A micropenis is a penis that is smaller than normal. A penis length of less than 0.75 inches is considered micropenis.
Milk Allergy Diet for Children
Helpful information on helping your child follow a milk-free diet, including tips for reading food labels.
Milk Production and Your High-Risk Baby
When you have a high-risk baby, you may face some challenges with milk production. Read on to learn details of what to expect, as well as helpful tips and strategies.
Minor Cuts, Scrapes, and Skin Wounds
Detailed information on minor cuts, scrapes, and skin wounds in children
Minor Injuries Overview
Children's days are filled with running, jumping, bicycling, sports, and other fun activities that keep them active and on the go from morning until night. Along with the fun comes an occasional cut.
Miscarriage
Miscarriage is a pregnancy loss in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. About 10% to 20% of pregnancies end in miscarriage, most often in the first trimester (first 13 weeks of pregnancy). Read on to learn more.
Mitochondrial Inheritance- Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
Detailed information on mitochondrial inheritance and Leber's optic atrophy.
Mold
Detailed information on mold allergy, including possible sources of mold inside and outside the home.
Molluscum Contagiosum in Children
Molluscum contagiosum is a viral skin disease that causes small pink or skin-colored bumps on your child’s skin. It is not harmful and usually does not have any other symptoms. The virus is inside the bumps and is mildly contagious. These bumps usually clear over time.
Mood Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Detailed information on the most common types of mood disorders, including major depression, manic depression (bipolar disorder), dysthymia, seasonal affective disorder, and suicide
Mood Disorders in Teens
Anyone can feel sad or depressed at times. But mood disorders are more intense. They are harder to handle than normal feelings of sadness. Read on to learn more about these types of disorders in teens.
Mosaic Down Syndrome
Detailed information on mosaic Down syndrome, including the chances for it to happen again in a family
Motor Vehicle Safety Overview
Detailed information on motor vehicle safety, including installing and using child safety seats and booster seats
Mouthguards
Mouthguards are important to help protect your child's mouth and teeth from serious injury.
MRSA Infection in Children
MRSA is an infection that can be life-threatening if it spreads from the skin to the lungs, the bloodstream, or other organs. MRSA infection can be hard to treat.
Mumps in Children
Mumps is a very contagious viral illness that infects the pair of salivary glands in front of the ears. Cases of mumps in the U.S. happen much less often since the mumps vaccine has been used.
Muscle and Joint Injuries
Detailed information on muscle and joint injuries, including prevention
Muscular Dystrophy
Muscular dystrophy causes the muscles in the body to become very weak. The muscles break down and are replaced with fatty deposits over time.
Mushroom Poisoning in Children
Mushroom poisoning happens when a child eats a mushroom that has poisons (toxins). Here's what you need to know, from symptoms to diagnosis and treatment.
Myasthenia Gravis (MG) in Children
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a disorder that causes weakness in muscles around the body. This happens because antibodies destroy some of the places where nerves and muscles meet. It mostly affects the eyes, mouth, throat, arms, and legs.
Myasthenia Gravis and Pregnancy
Myasthenia gravis is a complex autoimmune disorder. It causes antibodies to destroy the connections between your muscles and nerves. This causes muscle weakness and tiredness.
Nasal Fracture in Children
A nasal fracture is a break in one or more of the bones of the nose, caused by trauma. It's also called a broken nose.
Natal Teeth
Natal teeth are teeth that are present when a baby is born. The teeth are often not fully developed and may have a weak root.
Neck Masses
Detailed information on the different types of neck masses in children
Necrotizing Enterocolitis in the Newborn
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious illness in newborns. It happens when tissue in the large intestine (colon) gets inflamed. This inflammation damages and sometimes kills the tissue in your baby’s colon.
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Neonatal abstinence syndrome is what happens when babies are exposed to drugs in the uterus before birth. Babies can then go through drug withdrawal after birth.
Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
HIE is a type of brain damage. It’s caused by a lack of oxygen to the brain before or shortly after birth.
Nephrotic Syndrome in Children
Nephrotic syndrome is a problem where too much protein called albumin is released from the body into the urine. It means that one or both kidneys are damaged.
Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is a cancerous tumor. It grows in nerve tissue of babies and young children. The cancer cells grow in young nerve cells of a baby growing in the womb. These cells are called neuroblasts. It’s in the most common cancer in babies under age 1. It’s rare in children older than age 10.
Neurocutaneous Syndromes in Children
Neurocutaneous syndromes are disorders that affect the brain, spinal cord, organs, skin, and bones. The diseases are lifelong conditions that can cause tumors to grow in these areas. They can also cause other problems, such as hearing loss, seizures, and developmental problems.
Neurogenic Bladder in Children
Neurogenic bladder means the bladder doesn't work normally because of nerve damage. It causes a child to have problems with holding or releasing urine.
Neurological Conditions and Pregnancy
Detailed information on neurologic conditions in pregnancy
Neurological Disorders in the Newborn
Detailed information on the most common neurological disorders in the newborn
Neurological Exam for Children
Is it time for your baby to have a full physical exam? Your pediatrician might want to conduct a neurological exam. Don't worry, this series of tests designed to evaluate your child's nervous system is painless. Here's what it entails.
Neuromuscular Disorders
Detailed information on the most common neuromuscular disorders in children
Newborn Appearance
Newborns have many variations in normal appearance, from their skin color to the shape of their head. Here's a look at some of the normal variations you can expect.
Newborn Babies: Getting Ready at Home
Newborns need just some basic items at first. These include a warm and safe place to sleep, food, clothing, and diapers. Here's a helpful guide to the essentials.
Newborn Care in the Delivery Room
The birth of a baby is one of life's most wondrous moments. Few experiences compare to this event. Newborn babies have amazing abilities. Yet they depend on others for feeding, warmth, and comfort.
Newborn Complications
Detailed information on the most common types of newborn complications
Newborn Crying
Crying is the way babies communicate. They cry because of hunger, discomfort, frustration, tiredness, and even loneliness.
Newborn Health Assessment
Detailed information on newborn health assessments
Newborn Measurements
Your newborn will be weighed in the hospital and at all check-ups. This chart will help you convert the metric unit grams (g) to pounds (lb) and ounces (oz).
Newborn Metabolic Screening
Because some potential problems aren't readily seen at birth, all newborns are tested for certain conditions, including metabolic disorders.
Newborn Screening Tests
A national program exists to screen all newborns for certain disorders in the first few days of life.
Newborn Senses
Babies are born with all five senses--sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. Some of the senses are not fully developed.
Newborn Sleep Patterns
New parents are often unsure how long and how often a newborn should sleep. Read on to learn about general newborn sleep patterns, the quiet alert phases, and how to help your baby fall asleep.
Newborn Warning Signs
Most newborns adjust well to the outside world. But it's helpful to know about these warning signs that could indicate a possible problem.
Nightmares and Night Terrors
A night terror is a partial waking from sleep with behaviors such as screaming, kicking, panic, sleep walking, thrashing, or mumbling.
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Children
Detailed information on non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, including causes, staging, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment
Noninfectious Skin Conditions
Detailed information on non-infectious skin conditions, including dermatitis, acne, drug rashes, poison ivy/poison oak, and toxic epidermal necrolysis
Nonstress Testing
A nonstress test is a type of test done during pregnancy. It measures the heart rate of the unborn baby in response to its movements. In most cases, the heart rate of a healthy baby increases when the baby moves.
Nontraditional Inheritance
Detailed information on nontraditional inheritance, including uniparental disomy and Prader-Willi Syndrome and Angelman Syndrome, trinucleotide repeats and Fragile-X Syndrome, and mitochondrial inheritance and Leber's Optic Atrophy
Normal Breast Development
Breast development occurs in distinct stages, first before birth, and again at puberty and during the childbearing years. Changes also occur to the breasts during menstruation and when a woman reaches menopause.
Normal Growth
A child's growth not only involves the length and weight of his or her body, but also internal growth and development.
Normal Newborn Behaviors and Activities
Detailed information on normal newborn behaviors and activities
Normal Vision
To understand how certain problems can affect your child's vision, it’s important to know how normal vision happens.
Nose and Throat Disorders
Detailed information on nose and throat disorders in children
Nosebleed (Epistaxis) in Children
A nosebleed is bleeding from tissues inside the nose (nasal mucus membranes) caused by a broken blood vessel. Most nosebleeds in children occur in the front part of the nose close to the nostrils.
Nursemaid’s Elbow in Children
Nursemaid's elbow is a type of elbow injury. It's when a forearm bone (radius) slips out of place from where it normally attaches to the elbow joint.
Nutrition and Burns
A child who has been burned needs additional calories and protein to help them heal and grow.
Nutrition and Fluids in the NICU
When your baby is in the NICU, your main concern is getting them healthy and home. That means feeding your baby and having them gain weight. But feeding babies in the NICU is quite different from feeding healthy babies. Here's what you need to know.
Nutrition and Nephrotic Syndrome
Here is information on nutrition and diet for children with nephrotic syndrome.
Nutrition and Renal Failure
Detailed information on nutrition and renal failure in children
Nutrition Before Pregnancy
Pre-onception nutrition is a vital part of preparing for pregnancy. Read on to learn more about your nutritional needs before getting pregnant.
Nutrition Index
Detailed nutrition information for mothers who are breastfeeding or bottle-feeding, and toddlers, preschool-aged children, school-aged children, and adolescents
Nutrition- School-Age
Helpful information and tips on healthy food choices for school-age children.
Nutritional Requirements for a Child With Cancer
Good nutrition is vital for children being treated for cancer, yet these young patients often have poor appetites.
Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome in Children
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is a breathing problem. It affects some children who are obese. Poor breathing causes too much carbon dioxide and too little oxygen in the blood. This is a rare but life-threatening issue. Your child will need treatment right away.
Obesity in Children and Teens
Obesity is when a teen has too much body fat. Obesity is a serious, long-term disease.
Obesity in Children: How Parents Can Help
Most children become obese because of a poor diet, lack of physical activity, and other lifestyle issues. In rare cases, however, a child's excess weight may be because of a specific illness.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in Children
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a type of anxiety disorder. A child with OCD has obsessive thoughts that are not wanted. The thoughts are linked to fears, such as touching dirty objects.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children
Obstructive sleep apnea is when a child briefly stops breathing while sleeping. It happens because of a blockage in the upper airway. The pause in breathing may occur many times in a night, disrupting the child’s sleep.
Oligodendroglioma in Children
The brain is part of the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS also includes the spinal cord. A tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue. An oligodendroglioma is a type of CNS tumor called a glioma.
Omphalocele
An omphalocele is a birth defect. It happens when your baby is forming during pregnancy. In this condition, some of your baby’s abdominal organs poke out (protrude) through an opening in the abdominal muscles. This area is in the umbilical cord. A clear (translucent) membrane covers the organs.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) in Children
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a type of behavior disorder. It is mostly diagnosed in childhood. Children with ODD are uncooperative, defiant, and hostile toward peers, parents, teachers, and other authority figures.
Oral Health
Detailed information on oral health problems and teens
Orthodontics/Braces for Children
Orthodontics is the dental specialty that focuses on the development, prevention, and correction of irregularities of the teeth, bite, and jaws.
Orthopedic Evaluation Procedures for Children
Here you will find detailed information on evaluation procedures used to diagnosis orthopedic disorders in children.
Orthopedic Problems
Detailed information on orthopedic problems and teens
Osgood-Schlatter Disease in Children
Osgood-Schlatter disease is an overuse condition in children. It's when the tendon in a knee becomes injured and inflamed.
Osteomyelitis in Children
Acute osteomyelitis is an infection in the bone. It develops over a short time, usually about 2 weeks. In children, osteomyelitis is more common in the long bones of the arms and legs. But it can affect any bone in the body. Read on to learn more.
Osteosarcoma (Osteogenic Sarcoma) in Children
Osteosarcoma is cancer of the bone. It is rare, but it is the most common type of bone cancer in children and teens. Learn more about risks, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Overuse Injuries
Detailed information on overuse injuries in children, including jumper's knee, patellar tendonitis, little leaguers' elbow or shoulder, and more.
Overview of Blood and Blood Components
Blood is the life-maintaining fluid that circulates through the entire body. Learn about the components of blood.
Overview of Craniofacial Anomalies
Detailed information on craniofacial anomalies, including cleft lip, cleft palate, craniosynostosis, hemifacial microsomia, vascular malformation, hemangioma, and deformational plagiocephaly
Overview of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes occurs when not enough insulin is made, or when the body is unable to use the insulin that is made. The three main types of diabetes are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.
Overview of Diagnostic Tests for Nervous System Disorders in Children
Evaluating and diagnosing damage to the nervous system can be complicated. Many of the same symptoms occur in different combinations among the different disorders, and many disorders do not have definitive causes, markers, or tests.
Overview of Kidney Disorders in Children
Kidney disorders can show up on fetal ultrasound before birth. Or a healthcare provider may diagnose them after a urinary tract infection.
Overview of Neck Masses in Children
Detailed information on neck masses in children.
Overview of Nervous System Disorders in Children
The most common symptoms of nervous system disorders in children include delays in developmental milestones, an increase or lack of growth in head size, and a lack of coordination.
Overview of Pregnancy Loss
Pregnancy loss is the death of an unborn baby (fetus) at any time during pregnancy. Pregnancy loss may occur in as many as 1 in every 4 pregnancies. Most pregnancy losses happen during the first trimester.
Pacemaker and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) Insertion for Children
A child with an arrhythmia may need a pacemaker or an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). These devices require a simple surgery to implant. They can increase a slow heartbeat or correct a possibly life-threatening fast or chaotic beat.
Pain Control After Your Child's Surgery
If your child has moderate to severe pain, they may receive narcotics during and after surgery. If your child is in the ICU after surgery, they may receive sedatives along with pain medicines.
Pain Management for Children with Cancer
When a child has cancer or another pain-causing disease, one of their greatest fears is pain. Every effort should be made to ease the pain during the treatment process.
Palliative Care
Supportive, or palliative, care is care aimed at comfort of the person versus cure and treatment.
Pap Test for Adolescents
A Pap test, along with a pelvic exam, is an important part of a female's routine healthcare because it may find abnormalities that can lead to invasive cancer.
Parasitic Skin Infections
Detailed information on parasitic skin infections, including scabies and lice
Parenting in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)
In most cases, you can be with your baby in the NICU at any time. Read on to learn what you can expect.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a heart defect found in the days or weeks after birth. Read on to learn about symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.
Peanut Allergy Diet for Children
A detailed look at how to follow a peanut-free diet for your child, including how to read food labels.
Pedestrian Safety
Children are at higher risk for pedestrian injury and death because they often don't understand traffic rules or the danger that vehicles pose. In addition, parents and caregivers often overestimate a child's traffic skills. Read on to learn how to keep your child safe.
Pediatric Blood Disorders
Detailed information on blood disorders, including Anemia, Aplastic Anemia, Hemolytic Anemia, Iron Deficiency Anemia, Megaloblastic Anemia, Sickle Cell Anemia, Thalassemia, Alpha Thalassemia, Beta Thalassemia (Cooley's Anemia)
Pericarditis in Children
Pericarditis is inflammation or infection of the pericardium. In children, pericarditis is most likely to happen after surgery to repair heart defects.
Periodontal Disease in Children
Periodontal disease is a serious bacterial infection. It destroys the gums and the nearby tissues of the mouth.
Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL) in Children
Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a softening of white brain tissue near the ventricles. The ventricles are fluid-filled chambers in the brain.
Persistent Depressive Disorder in Children
Persistent depressive disorder is a type of depression. A child with this disorder has a low, sad, or irritable mood for at least 1 year.
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension in the Newborn
Persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN) happens in newborn babies. It occurs when a newborn’s circulation continues to flow as it did while in the uterus. When this happens, too much blood flow bypasses the baby’s lungs. This is sometimes called persistent fetal circulation.
Pets and Infectious Diseases in Children
One way to prevent the spread of disease from your pet: Feed your pet a balanced diet. Don't give your pet raw foods or allow it to drink out of the toilet.
PFAPA Syndrome
PFAPA is a childhood syndrome that causes repeated episodes of fever, mouth sores, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes. PFAPA usually starts in early childhood between ages 2 and 5.
Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis in Children
Pharyngitis is redness, pain, and swelling of the throat, and tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils. Learn more about these conditions in children, including causes, symptoms, and treatment.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) in Children
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare metabolic disorder. Children with PKU can't process an amino acid called phenylalanine. Phenylalanine is in many common foods.
Pheochromocytoma in Children
Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal glands. The tumor makes hormones called epinephrine and norepinephrine. This leads to an excess of the hormones in the body. These hormones help manage heart rate and blood pressure, and they have other tasks. Too much of these hormones in the body causes problems.
Phimosis and Paraphimosis in Children
Phimosis and paraphimosis are problems with the foreskin of the penis. Phimosis is when a foreskin can’t be pulled down (retracted) from the tip of the penis. Paraphimosis is when the foreskin is retracted but can’t move back up.
Phobias in Children
A phobia is an excessive fear of a certain object or situation. It's a fear that lasts for at least 6 months. It is a type of anxiety disorder. Here's what you need to know.
Phosphorus Restriction for Children
Detailed information on controlling phosphorus in your child's diet.
Physical Abnormalities
Detailed information on physical abnormalities of high-risk newborns
Physical Exam for a Child with Congenital Heart Disease
Detailed information on what to expect when your child has a physical exam to help find possible heart conditions, or to find out how well your child is coping with existing heart problems.
Physical Exam of the Newborn
A complete physical exam is an important part of newborn care. Each body system is carefully checked for signs of health and normal function.
Physical Exam: Adolescent Male
Detailed information on what teen boys can expect during a physical exam.
Physical Needs of the Dying Child
A terminally ill child has many of the same needs as any seriously ill child, including a routine for sleep and rest, and for pain management. Here's what you should know.
Pilomatrixoma in Children
A pilomatrixoma is a slow-growing, noncancerous skin tumor of the hair follicle. It's most common on the face and neck, and it's more common in children and young adults. Read on to learn more.
Pityriasis Rosea in Children
Pityriasis rosea is a mild, common rash. Read on to learn more about diagnosis, symptoms, and treatment.
Placenta Previa
Bleeding can happen at any time during pregnancy. Placenta previa can cause bleeding late in pregnancy. This means after about 20 weeks.
Play
Detailed information on the stages of play for all ages
Play Therapy for a Child in the Hospital
Play therapy is used to help children understand and cope with illness, surgery, hospitalization, treatments, and procedures.
Plugged Milk Ducts
Some breastfeeding moms may be more likely to get plugged milk ducts than others. Read on for some quick tips on preventing and managing this condition.
Pneumococcal Infection in Children
Pneumococcus bacteria can cause serious illness in children, including pneumonia, infection in the blood, and meningitis.
Pneumonia in Children
Pneumonia is an infection in the lungs. It can be mild or serious. Pneumonia is generally more common in children younger than 5 years old.
Pneumothorax in Children
A pneumothorax is an air leak in the lungs. This is a rare condition that most often occurs in the first 24 to 36 hours after birth.
Poison Ivy Rash in Children
Poison ivy rash is an allergic reaction to poison ivy. Poison ivy is very a common plant in the U.S. It is similar to two other plants called poison oak and poison sumac. The plants cause allergic dermatitis.
Poisons and Children
Detailed information on poisoning, preventing poisoning and how to respond in an emergency
Polio Vaccine (Inactivated Polio Vaccine; IPV)
The poliovirus destroys the nervous system, causing paralysis. Today, polio is extremely rare in the United States because of the polio vaccine. It's still common in other countries, though, so children still need to be immunized.
Poliomyelitis (Polio) in Children
Polio is a very contagious disease caused by a virus. The virus is most known for causing paralysis. But very few children with polio develop paralysis. Read on to learn more about this condition in children.
Pollen and Children
Learn about pollen, which is the most common cause of hay fever (seasonal allergic rhinitis). Also learn how to reduce the effects of hay fever on your child during pollen season.
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Detailed information on the different types of polycystic kidney disease.
Polycythemia Vera in Children
Polycythemia vera is a serious, but very rare blood disorder in children. Learn about causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Posterior Pituitary Disorders
Detailed information on posterior pituitary disorders
Posterior Urethral Valves in Children
Posterior urethral valves are a problem with the urethra in a boy. The valves partly block urine flow because not enough urine can get through them to leave the body. This can harm the urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidneys.
Postmaturity in the Newborn
The normal length of pregnancy is 37 to 41 weeks. Postmaturity is a word used to describe babies born after 42 weeks. Very few babies are born at 42 weeks or later. Other terms often used to describe these late births include post-term, postmaturity, prolonged pregnancy, and postdates pregnancy.
Postoperative Care
Detailed information on postoperative management
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Postpartum hemorrhage is more bleeding than normal after the birth of a baby. About 1 in 100 to 5 in 100 women have postpartum hemorrhage. It is more likely with a cesarean birth. It most often happens after the placenta is delivered, but it can also happen later.
Postterm Pregnancy
A pregnancy that lasts more than 42 weeks is called postterm. A pregnancy that is between 41 and 42 weeks is called late-term. Most women deliver between 37 and 42 weeks of pregnancy.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Children
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health problem. A child with PTSD has constant, scary thoughts and memories of a past event. The child finds the event terrifying, either physically or emotionally.
Potassium Restriction for Children
Read on for detailed information to help your child limit or avoid high-potassium foods.
Precocious Puberty
Puberty that happens early is called precocious puberty. This means a child's physical signs of sexual maturity develop too soon. This includes breast growth, pubic hair, and voice changes. These are known as secondary sexual characteristics. Precocious puberty happens before age 8 in girls, and before age 9 in boys.
Preconception Care
Detailed information on preconception care
Pregnancy and Medical Conditions
Detailed information on pregnancy and medical conditions
Pregnancy and Pre-existing Heart Disease
Pre-existing heart disease is a heart problem that you had before you got pregnant. This often means a heart condition that you were born with (congenital). These can include heart problems that may have been fixed. It can also include heart valve issues.
Pregnancy Complications
Detailed information on the most common complications during pregnancy
Pregnancy- How Your Digestion Changes
Digestion is the process of breaking down food and drink into smaller parts so that the body can use them to build and nourish cells, and to provide energy.
Pregnancy Loss
Detailed information on pregnancy loss, including types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment
Prematurity
A baby born before 37 weeks of pregnancy is considered premature or born too early. Learn more about prematurity, including causes, risks, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Prenatal Counseling
Detailed information on prenatal diagnosis to detect fetal abnormalities in the womb
Preoperative Management for Children
Detailed information on preoperative management
Preoperative Visit with Your Child's Surgeon
This is the time to ask questions: What are the expected results? What are the possible risks and complications? How long will the surgery take?
Preparing a Child for Surgery
Detailed information on preparing the child having surgery
Preparing for Your New Baby
Detailed information on preparing for your new baby
Preparing Siblings for Surgery
When your child goes to the hospital, brothers and sisters may feel afraid, worried, or confused. They're often afraid simply because they don't know what to expect, and they may imagine the worst. Here's what you can do to help.
Preparing the Family
Most families soon find ways to adjust to the changes that take place after a baby is born. But it's helpful to prepare family members for what's ahead.
Preparing the Infant for Surgery
It's important to keep your baby's routine the same before the day of surgery. Make sure you, your baby, and your family are well rested.
Preparing the Preschooler for Surgery
One of the major fears preschoolers have is fear of the unknown. Tell your child about the surgery several days before the procedure and perhaps even visit the hospital for a tour.
Preparing the School-Aged Child for Surgery
Have your child explain back to you what is going to happen in the hospital. School-aged children sometimes will listen carefully but not understand all that was said.
Preparing the Teen for Surgery
Allow your teen to be part of the decision-making process. Encourage them to make a list of questions to ask the healthcare providers.
Preparing the Toddler for Surgery
Read books to your toddler about going to the hospital. Keep any explanations simple and be careful with the words you use.
Preschool (4 to 5 Years)
Detailed information on preschool-aged children, ages 4 to 5 years
Preschool and School-Aged Problems of the Teeth and Mouth
Detailed information on preschool and school-aged problems of the teeth and mouth
Preschool Play
A preschooler needs space in which to run and explore. Take them on trips to the playground, park, or beach. Encourage them to play with other children.
Preschooler Nutrition
Preschool children are still developing their eating habits and need encouragement to eat healthy meals and snacks.
Preterm Labor
Preterm labor is labor that starts before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy. Labor is when the uterus regularly tightens and the cervix starts to thin and open. This lets the baby (fetus) enter the birth canal.
Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM)
Preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM) is a pregnancy complication. In this condition, the sac (amniotic membrane) surrounding your baby breaks (ruptures) before week 37 of pregnancy. Once the sac breaks, you have an increased risk for infection. You also have a higher chance of having your baby born early.
Preventing Burn Injuries in Children
Here are safety tips: Periodically, check electrical plugs and cords for dirt or fraying. When cooking with hot oil, keep your child a safe distance from the stove. Teach your child to stay away from lighters and matches.
Preventing Burn Scars and Contractures in Children
Most second- and third-degree burns cause scarring. Physical therapists will work with your child to prevent or reduce scarring.
Preventing Eye Injuries in Children
Children should wear protective eyewear during sports and recreational activities. In the classroom, they should wear eye protection when doing lab experiments.
Preventing Falls
Falls are the most common cause of injury visits to the emergency room for young children. Falls cause more open wounds, fractures, and brain injuries than any other cause. Read on to learn about safety steps you can take to prevent a fall for your child.
Preventing MRSA in Athletes
MRSA most often causes minor skin infections in young athletes. But if untreated, the bacteria may invade the bloodstream and become a life-threatening infection. Read on to learn more.
Preventing Sports Injury in Children
Detailed information on sports safety for kids, including safety gear and equipment
Prevention of Infectious Disease
Detailed information on prevention of infectious diseases
Prevention of Oral Problems
Detailed information on the prevention of oral diseases and dental problems
Problems Affecting the Coronary Arteries and Blood Vessels
Detailed information on problems affecting the coronary arteries and blood vessels of children
Problems Affecting the Lower Digestive Tract
Detailed information on problems affecting the lower digestive tract of children
Problems Affecting the Upper Digestive Tract
Detailed information on problems affecting the upper digestive tract of children
Problems in Prenatal Development of the Digestive Tract
Detailed information on problems in prenatal development of the digestive tract
Problems in Puberty
Detailed information on problems in puberty, including precocious puberty, gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty, and delayed puberty
Problems Involving Heart Rhythm
Detailed information on problems involving heart rhythm
Protecting Your Child with Vaccines
Vaccines are an important part of a healthy life for your child. Learn why they are beneficial, how they work, whether they are safe, and which ones your child needs.
Protein Restriction for Children
Detailed information on limiting protein in your child's diet, when your child has kidney failure.
Prune Belly Syndrome in Children
A child with prune belly syndrome often can't fully empty their bladder. This can cause serious bladder, ureter, and kidney problems.
Psoriatic Arthritis in Children
Psoriatic arthritis is a rare form of arthritis or joint inflammation that affects skin and joints. Read on to learn about this condition in children.
Psychiatric Treatment Team
Team members may include a child and adolescent psychiatrist, a psychologist, a social worker, and a psychiatric nurse. Read on to learn more.
Psychological Complications of Chronic Illness
Adolescence is a stressful time of life even for physically healthy teens. Chronic illness further complicates adolescent development. Read on to learn more.
Psychosocial Needs of the Dying Child
The child with a terminal illness has the same need for love, emotional support, and normal activities as any person facing death.
Puberty: Adolescent Female
Girls experience puberty as a sequence of events, and their pubertal changes usually begin before boys of the same age. The first pubertal change in girls usually is breast development.
Puberty: Teen Boy
During puberty, a teen boy will grow taller and heavier, and hormones will lead to sexual maturity. Read on to learn what to expect.
Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema
Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) is when air gets trapped in the tissue outside the tubes and air sacs of the lungs. It affects newborn babies. PIE is fairly common in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).
Puncture Wounds in Children
A puncture wound is a deep wound made by a sharp object. This type of wound may become infected easily because dirt and germs are carried deep into the tissues.
Pyloric Stenosis
Pyloric stenosis is a problem that causes forceful vomiting. It affects babies from birth to 6 months of age. It can lead to dehydration. This condition is the second most common reason why newborns have surgery.
Rabies in Children
Rabies is a viral infection that attacks the nervous system. Learn about the causes, symptoms, treatment, and more.
Radiation Exposure from X-rays in Children
X-rays are a kind of imaging test that provides your healthcare provider with information about structures inside the body. These tests expose children to low doses of radiation.
Rashes Caused by Viruses
Detailed information on viral exanthems (rashes)
Recognizing Urologic or Gynecologic Problems
Vaginal bleeding and discharge are a normal part of a teen girl's menstrual cycle. If your daughter notices anything different or unusual, talk with your teen's healthcare provider.
Recovery Room/Post-Anesthesia Care Unit
Once surgery is done, your child will be brought to the recovery room, also called the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU).
Refractive Errors in Children
The most common refractive errors in children are nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism.
Relationship Development
The teen years bring a focus on social interactions and friendships. This includes same-gender friends, same-gender groups of friends, and cross-gender groups of friends. In addition, sexual maturity triggers teens' interest in dating and sexual relationships.
Renal Failure
Detailed information on renal failure, including symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and diet
Respiratory Disorders in the Newborn
Detailed information on respiratory disorders in high-risk newborns
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a common problem in premature babies. It causes babies to need extra oxygen and help with breathing.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in Children
RSV is a viral illness that causes symptoms such as trouble breathing. It’s the most common cause of inflammation of the small airways in the lungs (bronchiolitis) and pneumonia in babies.
Restless Leg Disorders in Kids with ADHD
Research suggests children with ADHD are more likely to have sleep disorders. These include insomnia, daytime sleepiness, and restless leg disorders.
Retinoblastoma in Children
Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer of the retina of the eye. The retina is in the back of the eye. It’s the part of the eye that receives light. Retinoblastoma is the most common tumor affecting the eye in children. It almost always occurs in children less than 5 years old.
Rett Syndrome in Children
Rett syndrome is a rare genetic developmental and neurological disorder. It almost always affects girls.
Returning Home After a Burn Injury
Detailed information for helping your child if he/she has difficulty adjusting following a burn injury
Reye Syndrome in Children
Reye syndrome is a rare but very serious illness that causes brain swelling and liver damage. It can also affect all the body’s organs.
Rh Disease
Rh disease occurs during pregnancy. It happens when the Rh factors in the birth parent's and baby’s blood don’t match. It may also happen if the birth parent and baby have different blood types.
Rhabdomyosarcoma in Children
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a type of cancer. It starts in cells that should grow into skeletal muscle cells. Skeletal muscles control voluntary muscle movements. These are movements we can control. This rare cancer is most common in children under age 10.
Rheumatic Fever
Rheumatic fever is a complex disease that affects the joints, skin, heart, blood vessels, and brain. It occurs mainly in children between the ages of 5 to 15.
Rheumatic Heart Disease in Children
Rheumatic heart disease is a condition that causes permanent damage to the heart valves.
Ringworm in Children
Ringworm is a type of skin infection cause by a fungus. Learn about details such as causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Risk Factors for Pregnancy
Detailed information on identifying potential risks of a pregnancy as an important part of preconception care
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) in Children
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a bacterial infection. It’s spread by the bite of an infected tick. Learn details about symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Roseola in Children
Roseola is a contagious viral illness. It causes a high fever and then a rash that develops as the fever goes away.
Rotavirus Infection in Children
Rotavirus is a contagious virus that causes nausea and diarrhea. It is the leading cause of severe infectious diarrhea in children.
Roundworm Infection in Children
Roundworm infection is a type of parasitic illness. This is an illness in which an organism lives inside the body of another creature. The worms live and grow inside the body and may cause symptoms.
Rubella in Children
Rubella is a viral illness that causes a mild fever and a skin rash. It is also called German measles, but is not caused by the same virus that causes measles (rubeola).
Safer Sex Guidelines for Teens
The only safe sex is no sex, most healthcare providers say. But certain precautions and safe behaviors can reduce a person's risk of contracting a sexually transmitted infection.
Safety and Injury Prevention for Teens
Detailed information on safety and injury prevention for teens
Safety for You and Your Child
You can help your child by being prepared and preventing injuries from happening. It is important to take charge of your child's health and follow a program designed to help you and your family stay healthy and safe.
Scabies in Children
Scabies is an infestation of tiny bugs called mites on the skin. It causes a small red rash and intense itching. This infection is very contagious. It often spreads from child to child while children are sleeping together in the same bed or have close personal contact.
Scarlet Fever in Children
Scarlet fever is an infectious disease that causes a rash. It is caused by the same kind of bacteria that cause strep throat.
Schizophrenia in Children
Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness. It is a long-lasting and disabling problem of the brain. A child with this disorder has unusual behavior and strange feelings.
School Refusal
There are many reasons why a child would feel anxious and not want to go to school. Read on to learn more about school refusal.
School-Age (6 to 12 Years)
Detailed information on the school-aged child, ages 6 to 12 years
School-Based Occupational Therapy
School-based occupational therapy is a type of help given to children at school to help them be more successful.
Scleroderma in Children
Scleroderma is an ongoing (chronic) disease that causes abnormal growth of connective tissue. It can affect the joints, skin, and internal organs. It is degenerative and gets worse over time.
Scoliosis in Children
Scoliosis is a deformity of the backbone (spine). It's when the spine has a side-to-side curve. The curve of the spine measures 10° or more.
Screen Time and Children
Many children watch too much digital media, which includes TV, the internet, and smart devices. Learn why too much screen time is not good for kids--and how to set limits and establish good viewing habits.
Scrotal Swelling in Children
Scrotal swelling is a common problem in baby boys and young boys. It can have many causes. These are often divided into painless and painful scrotal swelling.
Sealants
Dental sealants are thin, plastic films painted on the chewing surfaces of the molars and premolars. They are highly effective in preventing tooth decay.
Second Trimester Prenatal Screening Tests
Screening is usually performed by taking a sample of the mother's blood between the 15th and 20th weeks of pregnancy (16th to 18th is ideal).
Second-Degree Burn in Children
A burn is damage to tissues of the body caused by contact with things such as heat, radiation, or chemicals. A second-degree burn affects the outer layer of skin (epidermis) and part of the inner layer of skin (dermis).
Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy for Cerebral Palsy in Children
Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) is a type of spine surgery that’s done to reduce muscle tightness and spasms in the legs of children with cerebral palsy.
Selective Mutism
Selective mutism is a rare condition in which a child can’t speak in certain settings but can speak fine in others. It can cause problems with school and social situations.
Separation Anxiety
Separation anxiety usually begins around 6 months of age. Babies may suddenly be afraid of familiar people, such as babysitters or grandparents.
Separation Anxiety Disorder in Children
Learn details about separation anxiety disorder in children, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Sepsis in the Newborn
Newborn sepsis is a severe infection in an infant younger than 28 days old. The infection is in your baby’s blood. But it may affect any body system or the whole body.
Septic Arthritis (Infectious Arthritis) in Children
Septic arthritis is an infection in the joint fluid (synovial fluid) and joint tissues. Read more about this condition in children.
Septoplasty for Children
Septoplasty is surgery to fix a septum. The septum is the wall that divides your child's nose into two sides. It is made of soft cartilage and bone and is covered with a mucous membrane. A deviated septum is when the septum is not in the middle.
Setting Screen Time Limits for Children and Teens
Experts advise that kids and teens take breaks from screens so they have plenty of time for other healthy activities . Luckily, there are plenty of ways you can help your child take some time off from a device.
Sever Disease in Children
Sever disease occurs when a tendon in 1 or both of your child's heels becomes injured and inflamed.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in Children
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral illness. It is very contagious and can spread quickly. It can cause mild illness, severe illness, or death.
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) in Children
SCID is a very rare disease that can be deadly. It causes a child to have a very weak immune system. Read on to learn about causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Adolescents
A detailed look at STIs and teens, from protection and treatment to different types of STIs.
Shellfish Allergy Diet for Children
Detailed information on a shellfish food allergy, including how to read a label for a shellfish-free diet and how to safely eat at a restaurant.
Shingles (Herpes Zoster) in Children
Shingles (herpes zoster) is a painful skin rash. It’s caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). This is the same virus that causes chickenpox.
Short Bowel Syndrome in Children
Short bowel syndrome is when the body has trouble absorbing nutrients from food because of a problem with the small intestine. It often happens to children who have had a large part of their small intestine removed. This complex condition can be life-threatening in some babies and children.
Sickle Cell Disease in Children
Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder that is present at birth. Children with SCD make an abnormal type of hemoglobin. This is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to all parts of the body.
Signs of Problems in Speech, Language, and Hearing Development:
Detailed information on speech, language, and hearing problems during development
Signs of Respiratory Distress in Children
Learn about the signs of respiratory distress in children.
Single Gene Defects
Detailed information on single gene defects and patterns of inheritance
Sinusitis in Children
Sinusitis is an infection of the sinuses. These infections usually happen after a cold or with allergies. Here's what you need to know.
Skin Cancer in Children
Skin cancer is a type of cancer that grows in the cells of the skin. It can spread to and damage nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. Skin cancer is rare in children.
Skin Color Changes
The color of a baby's skin can often help identify possible problems in another area of the body. Here are some skin color changes to be aware of.
Skin Injury in Children
Detailed information on skin injuries, including blisters, burns, sunburn, and bites
Skull Base Rhabdomyosarcoma in Children
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a type of cancer. It starts in cells that grow into skeletal muscle cells. The cells are called rhabdomyoblasts. Skeletal muscles are the muscles that move the body. The cancer is most common in children younger than age 10.
Sleep
Detailed information on healthy sleep habits of children, including information on nightmares and night terrors
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis in Children
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is a condition of the hip joint that affects children. In SCFE, the ball of the thighbone (femoral head) slips off the neck of the thighbone.
Small Cuts and Scrapes
Wash the cut area well with soap and water, but do not scrub the wound. A dirty cut or scrape that is not thoroughly cleaned can cause scarring.
Small for Gestational Age
Small for gestational age is a term used to describe babies that are smaller than normal for the number of weeks of pregnancy. These babies have birth weight below the 10th percentile. This means they are smaller than many other babies of the same gestational age.
Smoking
Ninety percent of new smokers are children and teenagers. In many cases, they are replacing the smokers who quit or died prematurely from a smoking-related disease.
Snakebites in Children
Both venomous and nonvenomous snakes can bite. It's important to treat all snakebites as if they are venomous. Here's what you need to know.
Sodium and Fluid Restriction for Children with Kidney Failure
Detailed information on controlling sodium in your child's diet.
Sore Nipples
Read on to learn about possible causes and treatment for sore nipples when breastfeeding.
Soy Allergy Diet for Children
When your child has a soy allergy, they can't have any foods containing soy. Read on for detailed information on how to manage a soy-free diet. This includes how to read food labels, other possible sources of soy, and tips when eating out.
Speech Sound Disorders in Children
A speech sound disorder means that a child has trouble saying certain sounds and words past the expected age. This can make it hard to understand what a child is trying to say. Read on to learn about causes, risks, and treatments for these disorders.
Spinal Muscular Atrophy in Children
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a disease of the nerves and muscles caused by certain genes. It causes muscle wasting and weakness.
Spinal Tap (Lumbar Puncture) for Children
A spinal tap (lumbar puncture) is a test that checks the health of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is a fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. The test also measures the pressure in the spinal canal.
Splinters
A splinter is a sharp sliver of wood, glass, or other debris that is lodged underneath the skin. Removal of small, superficial splinters can usually be done at home. Read on to learn how.
Sports and Children with Special Needs
Children with special needs are sometimes not encouraged to exercise, because their parents or guardians fear they'll be injured. But physical activity is as important for children with special needs as it is for any child.
Sports Injuries and Children
Detailed information on sports injuries in children, including overuse injuries, sprains, strains, and heat-related illnesses
Sports Safety for Children
Because they are still growing, children are more susceptible to sports injuries. Half of those injuries could be prevented with proper safety gear, safer playing environments, and established safety rules.
Sports Safety for Teens
Detailed information on sports safety
Sports Safety—Identifying High-Risk Situations
Playing sports has many benefits for a child. But the correct safety measures need to be taken. Read on to learn more.
Sprains and Strains in Children
Sprains and strains are types of injuries. A sprain is an injury to a ligament while a strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon.
Stages of Play
Children go through distinct stages of play as they grow. Each stage is critically important to the development of the next.
Stomach and Duodenal Ulcers in Children
Read on for details about stomach and duodenal ulcers in children. Learn about causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Storing Your Breastmilk
A helpful look at practical and health considerations when storing your breastmilk.
Stress Fractures in Young Athletes
Stress fractures happen when muscles are too tired to take on the impact of exercise, and the bones absorb the added stress. When those bones become too strained, they develop a tiny break known as a stress fracture.
Stridor in Children
Stridor is a noisy or high-pitched sound with breathing. It is a sign that the upper airway is partially blocked. It may involve the nose, mouth, sinuses, voice box (larynx), or windpipe (trachea).
Structural Abnormalities- Deletions (Cri-du-Chat Syndrome) and Duplications (Pallister-Killian Syndrome)
Detailed information on structural abnormalities, including chromosome deletions and duplications.
Stuttering in Children
Stuttering is a speech problem. The normal flow of speech is disrupted. A child who stutters repeats or prolongs sounds, syllables, or words. Stuttering is different from repeating words when learning to speak. Stuttering may make it difficult for a child to communicate with others.
Styes in Children
A stye is a sore red bump on the edge of the eyelid. Styes are one of the most common eye problems in children. Here's what you should know.
Substance Exposure
Detailed information on substance exposure of newborns
Sunburn and Children
Protect your child from the sun. Up to 80% of total lifetime sun exposure occurs in the first 18 years of life.
Superficial Injuries of the Face and Head- Overview
During a child's day, minor injuries may happen during play and sports activities. The face and head are especially at risk for cuts and scrapes.
Superficial Injuries to the Face and Head
Children are more likely to end up with a cut or scrape on the head or face. One reason is that children's sense of balance isn't completely adjusted.
Support Groups
Detailed information on finding a support group for parents affected by a birth defect.
Supporting Your Child with a Mental Health Condition
Mental health conditions don’t discriminate. They can affect anyone at any age—and when your child is the one diagnosed, it can bring up a lot of emotions.
Surgical Overview
Detailed information on surgery in children
Swimmer’s Ear in Children
Swimmer’s ear (otitis externa) is an inflammation of the external ear canal. Swimmer’s ear is caused by bacteria or fungi. Water that stays in the ear canal during swimming, for instance, may let bacteria and fungi grow.
Symptomatic Conditions of Allergy in Children
Detailed information on symptomatic conditions of allergy, including asthma, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, rhinitis, and urticaria
Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis
A detailed look at cystic fibrosis symptoms.
Symptoms of Possible Eye Problems in Children
Symptoms of eye problems in children include crossed eyes, redness in the eyes, squinting, and excessive tearing.
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion in Children
SIADH is when the body makes too much antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This is a hormone that normally helps the kidneys conserve the correct amount of water in the body. SIADH causes the body to retain water. This lowers the level of sodium in the blood. SIADH is rare. It most often happens to children who are in the hospital.
Taking a Baby's Temperature
Most doctors advise taking a baby's temperature rectally, by placing a thermometer in the baby's anus. Learn more about this and other ways to take a baby's temperature and when to call a doctor.
Taking Your Baby Home from the NICU
Your baby is finally ready to come home. Turn your nervous energy into positive action. Make a checklist for what you and your baby need before leaving the hospital so that you can create a safe home environment. Here's a list of items to get you started.
Talking to Your Child About Gun Violence at School
Your child may come right out and ask you questions about gun violence. While it may catch you off guard, this is an opportunity to let them express their feelings.
Teen Drivers
Information on teen driving, including safety tips.
Teens and Diabetes Mellitus
Detailed information on special considerations for teens with diabetes.
Teething
A baby's first tooth often appears between 5 and 7 months of age. Some babies get their first tooth a little earlier and others a little later. Here's what you need to know.
Temper Tantrums
Temper tantrums are a normal part of childhood development. They often happen only with a parent. They are a way for the child to communicate their feelings. Read on to learn more.
Tennis Elbow in Children
Tennis elbow happens when the muscles and tendons in the elbow area are torn or damaged. Read on to learn what to do if your child has tennis elbow.
Teratogens
Detailed information on teratogens and non-teratogenic agents
Testicular Torsion in Children
Testicular torsion is a painful twisting of the testicles and spermatic cord. Torsion causes blood to not flow to the testicles. This can damage them. Treatment needs to be done right away to prevent long-lasting (permanent) injury to the testicles.
Testing for Birth Defects
Detailed information on testing for birth defects
Tests for a Newborn Baby in Intensive Care
Babies in the newborn intensive care unit (NICU) undergo regular testing so they get the important care they need. Here are several common lab tests. Ask your baby's healthcare provider about them.
Tetanus in Children
Tetanus is a severe illness of the central nervous system caused by bacteria. Learn about the causes, risk factors, symptoms, treatment, prevention, and more.
Thalassemia
Detailed information on thalassemias, including alpha thalassemia, beta thalassemia (Cooley's anemia)
Thawing Breast Milk
Helpful tips for thawing and using frozen breastmilk.
The Benefits of Mother's Own Milk
Premature babies who get breastmilk develop better eyesight. They also often do better on intelligence tests as they grow older.
The Craniofacial Team
Detailed information on craniofacial abnormalities and the craniofacial treatment team.
The Day of Surgery
Read on for helpful information about what to expect before and after your child's surgery.
The Dying Process
Understanding the physical and mental changes the body goes through as death happens, may help ease some fears and misconceptions about death.
The Genetics of Cystic Fibrosis
Detailed information on the genetics involved in cystic fibrosis.
The Growing Child
Detailed information on the growth and development of a child
The Growing Child- Teenager (13 to 18 Years)
The teen years are a time of growth spurts, puberty changes, and emotional and social development. Here's what you need to know.
The Growing Child: 1 to 3 Months
A helpful look at common developmental milestones in young babies.
The Growing Child: 10 to 12 Months
Read on to learn about the common developmental milestones for babies ages 10 to 12 months.
The Growing Child: 1-Year-Olds
Your child is a toddler now and very active! They can climb stairs while holding on and play with push and pull toys.
The Growing Child: 2-Year-Olds
Read on to learn details about common physical, speech, and other developmental milestones your child may reach at this age.
The Growing Child: 3-Year-Olds
Most 3-year-olds have lost the rounded tummy of a toddler. Your child can use a spoon well and can wash and dry their hands.
The Growing Child: 4 to 6 Months
This age is very social, and babies begin moving in much more purposeful ways.
The Growing Child: 7 to 9 Months
Read on to learn about common physical, speech, and other developmental milestones to expect when your baby is this age.
The Growing Child: Newborn
A helpful look at what to expect with your newborn—from your baby's growth and reflexes to crying and emotional development.
The Growing Child: Preschool (4 to 5 Years)
Children at this age start to understand concepts and can compare abstract ideas. Read on to learn what to expect.
The Growing Child: School-Age (6 to 12 Years)
Although friendships become more important at this age, children are still fond of their parents and like being part of a family. Read on to learn more.
The Heart
Detailed information on the anatomy of the heart and heart transplantation in children
The Hospital Surgical Setting
Many surgeries performed on children are done as an outpatient. With minor surgeries, your child will return to the outpatient surgery center after spending the needed time in the recovery room.
The Immune System
Detailed information on the immune system and how it works.
The Kidneys
Detailed anatomical description of the kidneys
The Liver
Detailed anatomical description of the liver and liver transplantation in children
The Lungs
Detailed anatomical description of the lungs and lung transplantation in children
The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)
NICUs provide specialized care for the tiniest patients. NICUs may also have intermediate or continuing care areas for babies who are not as sick but do need specialized nursing care.
The New Mother: Taking Care of Yourself After Birth
You will need plenty of rest, good nutrition, and help during the first few weeks after your baby is born.
The Operating Room
Your child will need to know that people in the operating room will be wearing surgical clothes to help prevent germs from infecting the surgical incision.
The Pediatric Sports Medicine Specialist
A pediatric sports medicine specialist is a healthcare provider who helps children with injuries caused during sports or athletic activities.
The Pediatrics Orthopedic Team
Detailed information on each member of the pediatric orthopedic treatment team.
The Respiratory System in Babies
A look at the respiratory system, and lung development in babies.
The Surgical Team for Children
Most surgical teams include a surgeon, an anesthesiologist, a nurse anesthetist, and an operating room nurse. The number of team members differs depending on the type of surgery performed.
Thermal Injuries
Detailed information on thermal injuries in children
Third-Degree Burn in Children
A burn is damage to tissues of the body caused by contact with things such as heat, radiation, or chemicals. A third-degree burn damages the outer layer of skin (epidermis) and the inner layer of skin (dermis). A child with a third-degree burn needs immediate medical care.
Thrombocytopenia in the Newborn
Thrombocytopenia means that a newborn baby has too few platelets in their blood. Platelets are blood cells that help the blood clot. They are made in the bone marrow.
Thrush (Oral Candida Infection) in Children
Thrush is a mouth infection that is common in babies and children. Symptoms include white or yellow velvety patches in the mouth. Thrush is caused by a type of fungus called Candida.
Thumb-sucking
Thumb-sucking is normal in infants and young children. It shouldn't cause any permanent problems if your child stops by age 5.
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst in Children
A thyroglossal duct cyst is a pocket in the front part of the neck that is filled with fluid. A child is born with this cyst.
Thyroid Conditions
Detailed information on thyroid conditions and pregnancy
Tibial Torsion in Children
Tibial torsion is an inward twisting of the shinbones. These bones are located between the knee and the ankle. Tibial torsion causes a child's feet to turn inward.
Tick Bite Diseases
Ticks feed on human blood. Most tick bites are harmless, but some species can cause serious diseases.
Tick Bites
Ticks attach themselves to the scalp, behind the ear, in the armpit and groin, and also between fingers and toes. Find out what to do if you find a tick on your child.
Tilt Table Test for Children
The tilt table test is done to find the cause of fainting (syncope). Tilt table testing is done with a special table or bed that changes a child's position from lying to standing. Their blood pressure and heart rate are checked while they're in the different positions.
Time-Out
Time-out is a type of discipline that is used to stop bad behavior in a child. It takes the child out of the situation and gives them time to calm down.
Tinea Versicolor in Children
Tinea versicolor is a fungal skin infection. It’s caused by yeast on the skin. It occurs most often in teens and young adults. But it can happen at any time.
Toddler
Detailed information on toddler health
Toddler Nutrition
Read on to learn about healthy food choices, activity tips, and helpful feeding information for your toddler.
Toddler Play
Read on for helpful tips to encourage play for your child.
Toddler Problems of the Teeth and Mouth
Detailed information on toddler problems of the teeth and mouth
Toilet Training
Read on to learn more about toilet training, from signs your child is ready to helpful tips for potty training success.
Tongue-Tie (Ankyloglossia) in Children
Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia) is a problem with the tongue that is present from birth. It causes speech and eating problems in some children.
Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy for Children
A tonsillectomy may be recommended if your child has throat infections that keep coming back. Adenoidectomy is recommended if your child has a lot of trouble breathing through the nose. Often the tonsils and adenoids are removed at the same time.
Tooth Decay in Children
Tooth decay is the breakdown of tooth enamel. Enamel is the hard outer surface of a tooth. Tooth decay can lead to cavities.
Toothache (Pulpitis) in Children
A toothache means that the pulp inside a tooth is inflamed and infected. The pulp is the soft part inside the tooth that has blood vessels and nerves.
Topic Index - Adolescent Medicine
Detailed information on adolescent medicine, including growth and development, cognitive development, relationship development, health and injury problems, and safety
Topic Index - Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology
Detailed information on allergy, asthma, and immunology
Topic Index - Burns
Detailed information on burns, including anatomy, classification, treatment, and prevention
Topic Index - Cardiovascular Disorders
Detailed information on cardiovascular diseases in children
Topic Index - Care of the Terminally Ill Child
Detailed information on care of the terminally ill child
Topic Index - Child and Adolescent Mental Health
Detailed information on child and adolescent mental health disorders
Topic Index - Common Childhood Injuries and Poisonings
Detailed information on the common poisonings and injuries of children
Topic Index - Craniofacial Anomalies
Detailed information on craniofacial anomalies, including Cleft Lip, Cleft Palate, Craniosynostosis, Deformational Plagiocephaly, Hemifacial Microsomia, Vascular Malformations, and Hemangiomas
Topic Index - Dental and Oral Health
Detailed information on dental and oral health in children
Topic Index - Dermatology for Children
Detailed information on dermatology and children
Topic Index - Diabetes and Other Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
Detailed information on diabetes and other endocrine and metabolic disorders that affect children
Topic Index - Digestive and Liver Disorders
Detailed information on digestive disorders in children
Topic Index - Ear, Nose, and Throat
Detailed information on ear, nose, and throat disorders in children
Topic Index - Eye Care for Children
Detailed information on eye disorders in children
Topic Index - Genitourinary and Kidney Disorders
Detailed information on genitourinary and kidney disorders in children
Topic Index - Growth and Development
Detailed information on proper health maintenance for a child
Topic Index - Hematology and Blood Disorders in Children
Detailed information on blood disorders, including Anemia, Aplastic Anemia, Hemolytic Anemia, Iron Deficiency Anemia, Megaloblastic Anemia, Sickle Cell Anemia, Thalassemia, Alpha Thalassemia, Beta Thalassemia (Cooley's Anemia)
Topic Index - High-Risk Newborn
Detailed information on high-risk newborns
Topic Index - High-Risk Pregnancy
Detailed information on high-risk pregnancy
Topic Index - Infectious Diseases in Children
Detailed information on infectious diseases in children
Topic Index - Medical Genetics
Detailed information on medical genetics, including chromosome abnormalities, single gene defects, multifactorial inheritance, teratogens, and non-traditional inheritance
Topic Index - Neurological Disorders
Detailed information on neurological disorders in children
Topic Index - Normal Newborn
Detailed information on newborn care
Topic Index - Oncology
Detailed information on cancer in children
Topic Index - Orthopedics
Detailed information on orthopaedic disorders in children
Topic Index - Pediatric Arthritis and Other Rheumatic Diseases
Detailed information on pediatric arthritis and other rheumatic diseases
Topic Index - Respiratory Disorders in Children
Detailed information on the most common types of respiratory disorders, including symptoms, prevention, diagnostic, and treatment information
Topic Index - Safety and Injury Prevention
Detailed information on safety and injury prevention of children
Topic Index - The Child Having Surgery
Detailed information on surgery in children
Topic Index - Transplantation
Detailed information on transplantation in children
Tourette Disorder in Children
Tourette disorder (TD) is a neurological disorder that causes repeated tics. Tics are sudden, uncontrolled vocal sounds or muscle jerks. Symptoms of TD often begin between ages 5 and 10. They usually start with mild, simple tics of the face, head, or arms.
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis in Children
Toxic epidermal necrolysis is a life-threatening skin disorder. It causes skin blistering and peeling. Read on to learn more about this condition.
Toy Safety
Detailed information on toy safety and injury prevention in children
Toy Safety—Identifying High-Risk Situations
Small toys or toys with small removal parts are not appropriate for children ages 3 and younger.
Toy Safety—Prevention
Most toys today are safe. But injuries still happen. Read this article for helpful tips on preventing toy-related injuries.
Tracheoesophageal Fistula and Esophageal Atresia
Tracheoesophageal fistula is a connection between the esophagus and the trachea. The esophagus is the tube that connects the throat to the stomach. The trachea is the tube that connects the throat to the windpipe and lungs. Normally, the esophagus and trachea are 2 tubes that are not connected. This issue is also called TE fistula or TEF. It can happen in one or more places.
Transesophageal Echocardiography for Children
Echocardiography is an imaging test. It uses sound waves to make detailed moving pictures of the heart. It shows the size and shape of the heart, as well as the heart chambers and valves. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) uses a device, called a transducer, that is placed in the esophagus.
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn
Transient tachypnea of the newborn is a breathing problem that affects babies during the first hours of life. Transient means it is short-lived. Tachypnea means fast breathing rate. The problem often goes away on its own in about 3 days.
Translocation Down Syndrome
Detailed information on translocation Down syndrome
Trauma
Detailed information on neurological trauma in children
Treatment for a Child's Allergy to Dust or Pollen
Detailed information on avoidance of allergens and treatment for allergy, including immunotherapy (allergy shots) and medicine.
Treatment for Cystic Fibrosis
A look at treatment options for cystic fibrosis.
Treatment for Dog and Cat Bites and Scratches
When your child is bitten or scratched by an animal, remain calm and reassure your child that you can help. Here's what you need to know.
Treatment for Human Bites
Human bite wounds are more likely to become infected than dog or cat bites. A healthcare provider should check any human bite that breaks the skin.
Treatment for Skin Cancer in Children
Skin cancer in children can be treated in several ways. The best choice for your child depends on the size, place, and stage of the cancer, along with other factors.
Tree Nut Allergy Diet for Children
Tree nuts include almonds, pecans, and walnuts. Tree nuts are also found in many food products. Here's what you need to know.
Trichomoniasis (Trich) in Teens
Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI). It can cause vaginal redness and swelling in teen girls. In teen boys it can cause painful urination.
Tricuspid Atresia
Tricuspid atresia (TA) is a heart defect present at birth (congenital). It occurs when the tricuspid valve doesn’t form right during fetal heart development. This happens during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy. Read on to learn details about this condition.
Trinucleotide Repeats: Fragile X Syndrome
Detailed information on trinucleotide repeats, including fragile X syndrome.
Trisomy 13 and Trisomy 18 in Children
Trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 are genetic disorders. They include a combination of birth defects. This includes severe learning problems and health problems that affect nearly every organ in the body.
Tuberculosis (TB) in Children
Tuberculosis (TB) is an ongoing (chronic) infection caused by bacteria. It usually infects the lungs. But the kidneys, spine, and brain may also be affected.
Turner Syndrome (Monosomy X) in Children
A detailed look at Turner syndrome, a genetic disorder that occurs in girls.
Tympanostomy Tubes for Children
Ear tubes are small tubes that are placed in your child’s eardrum by an ear, nose, and throat surgeon. The tubes help to drain the fluid out of the middle ear. Read on to learn more.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Children
Diabetes is a condition in which the body can't make enough insulin, or can't use insulin normally. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder. The body's immune system damages the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. Insulin is a hormone. It helps sugar (glucose) in the blood get into cells of the body to be used as fuel. When glucose can’t enter the cells, it builds up in the blood. This is called high blood sugar (hyperglycemia).
Type 2 Diabetes in Children
Diabetes is a condition in which the body can't make enough insulin, or can't use insulin normally. Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder. Insulin is a hormone. It helps sugar (glucose) in the blood get into cells of the body to be used as fuel. When glucose can’t enter the cells, it builds up in the blood. This is called high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). High blood sugar can cause problems all over the body.
Types of Allergens
Detailed information on allergy triggers and symptom control
Types of Anesthesia for Children
During surgery, your child will be given some form of anesthesia - medicine given to relieve pain and sensation.
Types of Chromosome Abnormalities
Detailed information on the different types of chromosome abnormality
Types of Hearing Tests for Babies and Children
A look at the different types of hearing tests used for babies and children.
Types of Surgery for Children
Surgery doesn't always mean large incisions. Minimally invasive surgery is often used today. This uses small cuts, and allows a child to recover faster and with less pain.
Types of Visual Screening Tests for Babies and Children
Many types of vision tests can be used to check your child's ability to see. Some of them can be used at any age, and some are used based on your child's age and understanding.
Ulcerative Colitis in Children
Detailed information about ulcerative colitis, an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Ultrafast CT Scan for Children
An ultrafast computed tomography (CT) scan is an imaging test that uses X-rays and a computer to look at your child’s heart. It gives the healthcare provider many details about your child’s heart that other imaging tests can’t.
Understanding Informed Consent
You will be asked to sign an informed consent form. It states in detail that you understand the risks and benefits of your child's surgery.
Understanding Words for a Child's Skin Condition
A helpful look at some of the terms a healthcare provider may use to describe your child's skin condition.
Understanding Your Child's Lymphatic System
Detailed information on the lymphatic system.
Undescended Testes in Children
Undescended testes is when one or both of the male testes have not passed down into the scrotal sac. This is a condition seen in some newborn baby boys.
Uniparental Disomy: Prader-Willi Syndrome, Angelman Syndrome
Detailed information on uniparental disomy.
Upper Respiratory Disorders
Detailed information on the most common types of upper respiratory infections, including common cold, influenza, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and sinusitis
Ureterocele and Ureteral Duplication in Children
A ureterocele is when part of a ureter right near the bladder becomes larger and bulges. This happens because the ureter's opening into the bladder is too small and blocks urine flow.
Urinary Incontinence (Enuresis) in Children
When wetting happens in a child who is old enough to control their bladder, it’s known as enuresis. Here's what you need to know.
Urinary Tract and Kidney Infections in Pregnancy
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a very common health complication of pregnancy. Untreated, a UTI can cause serious problems in pregnancy.
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in Children
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is inflammation of part of the system that takes urine out of the body. It's caused by bacteria.
Urticaria (Hives) in Children
Hives is a sudden outbreak of red, itchy, and swollen areas on the skin. It often happens as an allergic reaction from eating certain foods or taking certain medicines. Here's what you should know.
Varicoceles in Children
A varicocele is when veins in the scrotum have become large and swollen (dilated). The condition is like varicose veins that occur in the legs. Here's what you need to know.
Vascular Malformations and Hemangiomas
The term “birthmark” may be a misnomer. These usually harmless skin discolorations can appear any time in the first few months after birth. They’re generally nothing to worry about. But, in some cases, they may need treatment. Here are the most common birthmarks and what to do if they show up on your child.
Very Low Birth Weight
Very low birth weight is a term used to describe babies who are born weighing less than 3 pounds, 4 ounces. It is very rare that babies are born this tiny. Only about 1 in 100 babies born in the U.S. are very low birth weight.
Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) in Children
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a condition where urine in the bladder flows in the wrong direction. It goes up into the tubes (ureters) that lead to the kidneys.
Viral Skin Infections
Detailed information on viral skin infections, including Herpes Zoster (Shingles), Pityriasis Rosea, Warts, and Molluscum Contagiosum
Viruses, Bacteria, and Parasites in the Digestive Tract
Detailed information on viruses, bacteria, and parasites in the digestive tract.
Vision
Detailed information on children with vision problems
Vision and Hearing
Detailed information on vision and hearing in newborns
Vision Problems
Eye disorders in children are either refractive or nonrefractive errors. Refractive errors are caused by the shape of the eye. Nonrefractive errors are caused by disease.
Visual Screening and Eye Examinations
Detailed information on visual screening tests in children
Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding (VKDB) in Newborns
Vitamin K deficiency bleeding is a problem that occurs in some newborns. It happens during the first few days of life. This condition used to be called hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Von Willebrand Disease (VWD)
Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is an inherited disorder that affects the blood's ability to clot.
Walking Pneumonia in Children
Walking pneumonia is a mild form of pneumonia. Children with walking pneumonia may feel very tired and run down. But they may still be able to do many of their normal daily activities.
Warts in Children
Warts on the skin are harmless growths. They are caused by a virus. Warts can spread to other parts of the body and to other people.
Watching for Internal Sports Injury in a Child
Internal abdominal injuries from blunt trauma are serious injuries that occur when the body hits or collides with a large object. These types of injuries are most common in contact sports like football, ice hockey, soccer, and lacrosse.
Water Safety and Teens
Teens are more likely to know how to swim. But they are still at risk for drowning. Read on for important tips to help protect your teen from drowning.
Water Safety for Children
Preventive steps parents can take to protect their children from drowning.
Water Safety—Prevention
A detailed look at water safety and drowning prevention tips for kids of all ages.
West Nile Fever in Children
West Nile fever is an illness caused by a virus. The virus is spread by mosquito bites. It often causes mild, flu-like symptoms.
What Are Platelets?
If 1 of your blood vessels gets damaged, it sends out signals that are picked up by platelets. The platelets then rush to the site of damage and form a plug, or clot, to repair the damage.
What Are Red Blood Cells?
Red blood cells play an important role in your health by carrying fresh oxygen all over the body.
What Are Stem Cells
Stem cells are special human cells that have the ability to develop into many different cell types, from muscle cells to brain cells. In some cases, they also have the ability to repair damaged tissues.
What Are White Blood Cells?
Think of white blood cells as your immunity cells. In a sense, they are continually at war. They flow through your bloodstream to battle viruses, bacteria, and other foreign invaders that threaten your health.
What Is Plasma?
White blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets are essential to body function, but plasma also plays a crucial, and mostly unrecognized, job. It carries these blood components throughout the body as the fluid in which they travel.
What Is Sports Medicine
Sports medicine healthcare providers have special training to restore function to injured patients so they can get moving again as soon as possible. They are experts on preventing illness and injury in active people.
Wheat Allergy Diet for Children
Detailed information on wheat allergy, a type of food allergy, including how to read a label for a wheat-free diet.
When a Baby Has Difficulty After Birth
Some babies may have difficulty at birth. These include babies who are born prematurely, have a difficult delivery, or have birth defects. Here's what you need to know.
When to Call Your Child's Healthcare Provider
Detailed information on when to call your baby's physician
When to Get Emergency Care for Your Child
In general, take your child to an emergency room after an injury any time you think the problem may need urgent care.
When to Seek Genetic Counseling
Genetic counseling gives you information about health concerns that run in your family.
When Your Baby Needs a Test, Procedure, or Surgery
Talk with your baby's healthcare provider about being present as much as possible for the test or procedure. Child development experts say it's best to keep to a minimum the amount of time your child is separated from you at this age.
When Your Child Has Cancer: Questions to Ask the Doctor
When a child is diagnosed with cancer, parents are entitled to a clear explanation about anything related to the condition. Here are some important questions you may consider asking your child's doctor.
When Your Teen Needs a Test, Procedure, or Surgery
During the teen years, abstract thinking begins and teens can fully understand how parts of the body function, the medical problem they have, and the reason for the test, procedure, or surgery.
When Your Toddler or Preschooler Needs a Test, Procedure, or Surgery
Helpful tips on how to prepare your toddler or preschooler child for a surgery, test, or procedure.
Whooping Cough (Pertussis) in Children
Whooping cough (pertussis) is a contagious illness. It causes intense fits (paroxysms) of coughing. It mainly affects babies and young children.
Why Children Bite
A young child may bite out of frustration or when under stress. Biting may also be an attempt to gain power, or just a way of exploring the world. Read on to learn how to respond if your child bites, no matter what the cause.
Why Parents Shouldn’t Use Food as Reward or Punishment
Giving sweets, chips, or soda as a reward often leads to children’s overeating foods that are high in sugar, fat, and empty calories. Worse, it interferes with kids’ natural ability to regulate their eating, and it encourages them to eat when they’re not hungry to reward themselves.
Wilms Tumor
Wilms tumor is a cancerous tumor that starts in the cells of the kidney. It’s the most common type of kidney cancer in children.
Workouts to Help Prevent Sports Injuries
It may not always be possible to avoid injury when playing sports, especially physical contact sports. But there are things kids can do to protect themselves. Preparing before and after a game or practice session by warming up muscles and then stretching can help.
X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia in Children
X-linked agammaglobulinemia is a rare genetic disease that causes a weakened immune system. It mainly affects boys.
X-linked Dominant: Incontinentia Pigmenti
Detailed information on x-linked dominant inheritance.
X-linked Recessive: Red-Green Color Blindness, Hemophilia A
Detailed information on x-linked recessive inheritance
Your Child's Allergies: Dust Mites
Detailed information on dust mite allergens.
Your Child's Asthma
How asthma will affect a child throughout their lifetime varies, depending on the child.
Your Child's Asthma and Outdoor Air Pollution
Ozone and air pollution can be a trigger for your child's asthma. As with all triggers, the key is to prevent or minimize exposure as much as possible.
Your Child's Asthma- Staying Away from Triggers
From bed coverings to air purifiers, from pets to secondhand smoke, here are ideas to keep your child's asthma triggers under control.
Your Child's Asthma: Flare-ups
Learn about asthma flare-ups in your child, including symptoms to recognize.
Your Child's Asthma: How Severe Is It?
A look at the 4 asthma severity levels.
Your Child's Asthma: Nebulizer Treatments
Helpful instructions on giving your child nebulizer treatments.
Your Child's Asthma: Peak Flow Meters, Oximeters, and Spirometers
These 3 types of tools are used to measure how well your child's asthma is under control.
Your High-Risk Baby and Expressing Milk
The benefits of breastmilk are even higher for babies who are born high-risk. Read on for helpful information on breast pumps, methods for expressing milk, freezing extra breastmilk, and more.
Youth Suicide
Suicide is when a teen causes his or her own death on purpose. Before trying to take his or her own life, a teen may have thoughts of wanting to die. Read on to learn how to recognize the warning signs, and how to get your teen help.