Conditions We Treat

Pacemaker and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) Insertion for Children

A child with an arrhythmia may need a pacemaker or an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). These devices require a simple surgery to implant. They can increase a slow heartbeat or correct a possibly life-threatening fast or chaotic beat.

Pain Control After Your Child's Surgery

If your child has moderate to severe pain, they may receive narcotics during and after surgery. If your child is in the ICU after surgery, they may receive sedatives along with pain medicines.

Pain Management for Children with Cancer

When a child has cancer or another pain-causing disease, one of their greatest fears is pain. Every effort should be made to ease the pain during the treatment process.

Painful Menstruation

Palliative Care

Supportive, or palliative, care is care aimed at comfort of the person versus cure and treatment.

Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas that can impact children at any age. Children may have acute, acute recurrent or chronic pancreatitis. All three types are serious, their symptoms vary and treatment can range from pain management to surgery.

Pap Test for Adolescents

A Pap test, along with a pelvic exam, is an important part of a female's routine healthcare because it may find abnormalities that can lead to invasive cancer.

Paradoxical Vocal Cord Dysfunction (PVCD)

With Paradoxical Vocal Cord Dysfunction (PVCD), the vocal cords close together, or constrict, when a person inhales, leaving only a small opening for air to flow into the windpipe.

Parasitic Skin Infections

Detailed information on parasitic skin infections, including scabies and lice

Parenting in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)

In most cases, you can be with your baby in the NICU at any time. Read on to learn what you can expect.

Patellar Subluxation

A patellar subluxation means that the kneecap has briefly slid out of its normal place in the groove at the center of the bottom end of the thigh bone.

Patellar Tendonitis

Patellar Tendinitis is inflammation of the patellar tendon located directly below the knee cap.

Patellofemoral Pain

Patellofemoral pain is when there is pain in the soft tissue of the knee and around the patella (kneecap).

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a heart defect found in the days or weeks after birth. Read on to learn about symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.

Peanut Allergy Diet for Children

A detailed look at how to follow a peanut-free diet for your child, including how to read food labels.

Pectus Carinatum

Pectus carinatum - also known as pigeon breast - is characterized by a prominent sternum and is usually asymptomatic.

Pectus Excavatum

Pectus excavatum - also known as sunken chest syndrome - is the most common chest wall disorder treated at Nationwide Children’s.

Pedestrian Safety

Children are at higher risk for pedestrian injury and death because they often don't understand traffic rules or the danger that vehicles pose. In addition, parents and caregivers often overestimate a child's traffic skills. Read on to learn how to keep your child safe.

Pediatric Blood Disorders

Detailed information on blood disorders, including Anemia, Aplastic Anemia, Hemolytic Anemia, Iron Deficiency Anemia, Megaloblastic Anemia, Sickle Cell Anemia, Thalassemia, Alpha Thalassemia, Beta Thalassemia (Cooley's Anemia)

Pediatric Feeding Disorder

A child with Pediatric Feeding Disorder does not eat or drink enough food or liquid, or a broad enough range of food, to achieve and maintain growth or meet nutritional needs. The child also may not eat in age-typical ways.

Pediatric Obesity

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends using body mass index (BMI) to screen for overweight children beginning at age 2 and through age 19.

Pediatric Ptosis

Ptosis is an eye condition that involves drooping of the upper eyelid(s). The eyelid may droop just a little, or enough to cover the pupil. Ptosis can prevent normal visual development and cause amblyopia (lazy eye). It can also block part of the visual field.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Pelvic inflammatory disease, also known as PID, is an infection in the uterus, the fallopian tubes or the ovaries. PID most commonly occurs in sexually active females, but may also occur in females who have never been sexually active.

Pelvic Masses

Pelvic masses may be caused by adnexal cysts, ovarian masses and tumors and uterine abnormalities. The most common reason the uterus would become enlarged in a girl or young woman is due to build-up of menstrual blood, also known as an outflow tract obstruction.

Pelvic Pain

Pelvic pain is considered pain in the lowest part of your abdomen. Acute pelvic pain is pain that is present for less than three months. Chronic pelvic pain is persistent and presents for six months or greater.

Pericarditis in Children

Pericarditis is inflammation or infection of the pericardium. In children, pericarditis is most likely to happen after surgery to repair heart defects.

Periodontal Disease in Children

Periodontal disease is a serious bacterial infection. It destroys the gums and the nearby tissues of the mouth.

Perioral Dermatitis

In this Helping Hand™ document, we discuss perioral dermatitis, which is a common dry or bumpy rash that can occur around the mouth, the nose and the eyes. To treat the rash, it is important to stop using any topical steroids. Instead, your child’s doctor may prescribe topical or oral antibiotics.

Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL) in Children

Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a softening of white brain tissue near the ventricles. The ventricles are fluid-filled chambers in the brain.

Pernicious Anemia

Persistent Depressive Disorder in Children

Persistent depressive disorder is a type of depression. A child with this disorder has a low, sad, or irritable mood for at least 1 year.

Persistent Diarrhea & Malabsorption

Diarrhea lasting more than seven days is considered persistent, while less than seven days is acute. Diarrhea that lasts more than 30 days is chronic. Toddler's diarrhea is caused by a diet low in fat and high in sugar and fluids. Malabsorption is the inability to use the food the body takes in.

Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension in the Newborn

Persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN) happens in newborn babies. It occurs when a newborn’s circulation continues to flow as it did while in the uterus. When this happens, too much blood flow bypasses the baby’s lungs. This is sometimes called persistent fetal circulation.

Persisting Symptoms After Concussion

Most children return to typical function in 3-4 weeks after a concussion. About one in four children can have symptoms that continue for a longer time. This is called Persisting Symptoms after Concussion, or Post-Concussion Syndrome.

Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

In this Helping Hand™ document, we discuss pertussis, also known as whooping cough. Pertussis is an infection of the respiratory tract caused by bacteria. The bacteria are easily spread by breathing in droplets from an infected person who coughs or sneezes. Call 911 if your child stops breathing.

Pets and Infectious Diseases in Children

One way to prevent the spread of disease from your pet: Feed your pet a balanced diet. Don't give your pet raw foods or allow it to drink out of the toilet.

Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (PJS)

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is an inherited syndrome which typically results in hamartomatous polyps throughout the digestive tract, lifetime cancer risk and blue/black freckling or macules that can be seen on the lips, mouth, nostrils, hands, feet and genitalia.

PFAPA Syndrome

PFAPA is a childhood syndrome that causes repeated episodes of fever, mouth sores, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes. PFAPA usually starts in early childhood between ages 2 and 5.

Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis in Children

Pharyngitis is redness, pain, and swelling of the throat, and tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils. Learn more about these conditions in children, including causes, symptoms, and treatment.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) in Children

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare metabolic disorder. Children with PKU can't process an amino acid called phenylalanine. Phenylalanine is in many common foods.

Pheochromocytoma in Children

Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal glands. The tumor makes hormones called epinephrine and norepinephrine. This leads to an excess of the hormones in the body. These hormones help manage heart rate and blood pressure, and they have other tasks. Too much of these hormones in the body causes problems.

Phimosis

Phimosis is a condition of the male foreskin where the skin is tight and unable to retract back behind the head of the penis. This condition is completely normal and physiologic in most baby boys whose penis is otherwise without abnormalities.

Phimosis and Paraphimosis in Children

Phimosis and paraphimosis are problems with the foreskin of the penis. Phimosis is when a foreskin can’t be pulled down (retracted) from the tip of the penis. Paraphimosis is when the foreskin is retracted but can’t move back up.

Phobias in Children

A phobia is an excessive fear of a certain object or situation. It's a fear that lasts for at least 6 months. It is a type of anxiety disorder. Here's what you need to know.

Phosphorus Restriction for Children

Detailed information on controlling phosphorus in your child's diet.

Physical Abnormalities

Detailed information on physical abnormalities of high-risk newborns

Physical Abuse

Physical abuse is any act that results in physical injury to a child or adolescent, even if the injury was unintentional.

Physical Exam for a Child with Congenital Heart Disease

Detailed information on what to expect when your child has a physical exam to help find possible heart conditions, or to find out how well your child is coping with existing heart problems.

Physical Exam of the Newborn

A complete physical exam is an important part of newborn care. Each body system is carefully checked for signs of health and normal function.

Physical Exam: Adolescent Male

Detailed information on what teen boys can expect during a physical exam.

Physical Needs of the Dying Child

A terminally ill child has many of the same needs as any seriously ill child, including a routine for sleep and rest, and for pain management. Here's what you should know.

Pierre Robin Sequence

Pierre Robin Sequence is a condition that affects a baby’s mouth. It usually involves a cleft palate and a small lower jaw. This can impact breathing and feeding.

Pilomatrixoma in Children

A pilomatrixoma is a slow-growing, noncancerous skin tumor of the hair follicle. It's most common on the face and neck, and it's more common in children and young adults. Read on to learn more.

Pilonidal Disease

This Helping Hand™ is about pilonidal disease, which is a common skin condition that happens between the buttocks.

Pinworms: Treatment and Prevention

Pinworms are small white worms that live in the large intestine. They are about 1/2 inch long and as thin as a thread. They can sometimes be seen in and around the child's bowel movements. The adult female pinworm lays her eggs on the skin around the anus. This causes itching and scratching.

Pityriasis Rosea in Children

Pityriasis rosea is a mild, common rash. Read on to learn more about diagnosis, symptoms, and treatment.

Placenta Previa

Bleeding can happen at any time during pregnancy. Placenta previa can cause bleeding late in pregnancy. This means after about 20 weeks.

Plantar Fasciitis

Plantar fasciitis occurs when a broad band of tissue located on the bottom of the foot becomes painful and irritated.

Plasmaphoresis

Play

Detailed information on the stages of play for all ages

Play Therapy for a Child in the Hospital

Play therapy is used to help children understand and cope with illness, surgery, hospitalization, treatments, and procedures.

Plugged Milk Ducts

Some breastfeeding moms may be more likely to get plugged milk ducts than others. Read on for some quick tips on preventing and managing this condition.

Pneumococcal Infection in Children

Pneumococcus bacteria can cause serious illness in children, including pneumonia, infection in the blood, and meningitis.

Pneumomediastinum

In this Helping Hand™, we discuss the causes and treatment pneumomediastinum, which is a condition that happens when air escapes from the lungs, airways, or esophagus into the mediastinum.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is a lung infection that is usually caused by a virus or bacteria. This makes the air sacs in the lungs fill with fluid (phlegm or mucus). Walking pneumonia is a non-medical word that describes a mild case of bacterial pneumonia. Pneumonia caused by bacteria is treated with an antibiotic.

Pneumonia in Children

Pneumonia is an infection in the lungs. It can be mild or serious. Pneumonia is generally more common in children younger than 5 years old.

Pneumothorax in Children

A pneumothorax is an air leak in the lungs. This is a rare condition that most often occurs in the first 24 to 36 hours after birth.

Poison Ivy Rash in Children

Poison ivy rash is an allergic reaction to poison ivy. Poison ivy is very a common plant in the U.S. It is similar to two other plants called poison oak and poison sumac. The plants cause allergic dermatitis.

Poisons and Children

Detailed information on poisoning, preventing poisoning and how to respond in an emergency

Polio Vaccine (Inactivated Polio Vaccine; IPV)

The poliovirus destroys the nervous system, causing paralysis. Today, polio is extremely rare in the United States because of the polio vaccine. It's still common in other countries, though, so children still need to be immunized.

Poliomyelitis (Polio) in Children

Polio is a very contagious disease caused by a virus. The virus is most known for causing paralysis. But very few children with polio develop paralysis. Read on to learn more about this condition in children.

Pollen and Children

Learn about pollen, which is the most common cause of hay fever (seasonal allergic rhinitis). Also learn how to reduce the effects of hay fever on your child during pollen season.

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Detailed information on the different types of polycystic kidney disease.

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Learn about the two different types of Polycystic Kidney Disease.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

This Helping Hand™ about polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) explains how cysts on the ovaries can affect hormone balance, periods, and more. 

Polycythemia Vera in Children

Polycythemia vera is a serious, but very rare blood disorder in children. Learn about causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.

Polyps in the Digestive Tract

A polyp is an outgrowth of tissue that can extend out into the empty space within the stomach, small intestine, or colon. Colon polyps can be seen in healthy children. But when present in greater numbers, keep recurring or have bothersome features, other medical conditions that can be associated with lifetime risk should be considered. Polyps can generally be divided into two groups based on structure or appearance: hamartomas and adenomas.

Posterior Pituitary Disorders

Detailed information on posterior pituitary disorders

Posterior Urethral Valves

Posterior urethral valves (PUV) is when there are abnormal tissue flaps in the tube that lets urine flow from the bladder to outside the body (urethra). The tissue flaps cause a blockage that back urine up into the bladder.

Posterior Urethral Valves in Children

Posterior urethral valves are a problem with the urethra in a boy. The valves partly block urine flow because not enough urine can get through them to leave the body. This can harm the urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidneys.

Postmaturity in the Newborn

The normal length of pregnancy is 37 to 41 weeks. Postmaturity is a word used to describe babies born after 42 weeks. Very few babies are born at 42 weeks or later. Other terms often used to describe these late births include post-term, postmaturity, prolonged pregnancy, and postdates pregnancy.

Postoperative Care

Detailed information on postoperative management

Postpartum Hemorrhage

Postpartum hemorrhage is more bleeding than normal after the birth of a baby. About 1 in 100 to 5 in 100 women have postpartum hemorrhage. It is more likely with a cesarean birth. It most often happens after the placenta is delivered, but it can also happen later.

Postterm Pregnancy

A pregnancy that lasts more than 42 weeks is called postterm. A pregnancy that is between 41 and 42 weeks is called late-term. Most women deliver between 37 and 42 weeks of pregnancy.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Children

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health problem. A child with PTSD has constant, scary thoughts and memories of a past event. The child finds the event terrifying, either physically or emotionally.

Potassium Restriction for Children

Read on for detailed information to help your child limit or avoid high-potassium foods.

Prader Willi Syndrome

Prader-Willi Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder.

Precocious (Early) Puberty in Children

This Helping Hand™ is about early puberty in children. Sometimes, puberty can start earlier and before signs show.

Precocious Puberty

Puberty that happens early is called precocious puberty. This means a child's physical signs of sexual maturity develop too soon. This includes breast growth, pubic hair, and voice changes. These are known as secondary sexual characteristics. Precocious puberty happens before age 8 in girls, and before age 9 in boys.

Preconception Care

Detailed information on preconception care

Pregnancy and Medical Conditions

Detailed information on pregnancy and medical conditions

Pregnancy and Pre-existing Heart Disease

Pre-existing heart disease is a heart problem that you had before you got pregnant. This often means a heart condition that you were born with (congenital). These can include heart problems that may have been fixed. It can also include heart valve issues.

Pregnancy Complications

Detailed information on the most common complications during pregnancy

Pregnancy- How Your Digestion Changes

Digestion is the process of breaking down food and drink into smaller parts so that the body can use them to build and nourish cells, and to provide energy.

Pregnancy Loss

Detailed information on pregnancy loss, including types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

Prematurity

A baby born before 37 weeks of pregnancy is considered premature or born too early. Learn more about prematurity, including causes, risks, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a collection of behavioral and physical signs and symptoms that affects women a few days before their menses. These symptoms typically occur in a predictable pattern. Symptoms can include mood swings, anxiety, food cravings, bloating, fatigue and headaches.

Prenatal Counseling

Detailed information on prenatal diagnosis to detect fetal abnormalities in the womb

Preoperative Management for Children

Detailed information on preoperative management

Preoperative Visit with Your Child's Surgeon

This is the time to ask questions: What are the expected results? What are the possible risks and complications? How long will the surgery take?

Preparing a Child for Surgery

Detailed information on preparing the child having surgery

Preparing for Your New Baby

Detailed information on preparing for your new baby

Preparing Siblings for Surgery

When your child goes to the hospital, brothers and sisters may feel afraid, worried, or confused. They're often afraid simply because they don't know what to expect, and they may imagine the worst. Here's what you can do to help.

Preparing the Family

Most families soon find ways to adjust to the changes that take place after a baby is born. But it's helpful to prepare family members for what's ahead.

Preparing the Infant for Surgery

It's important to keep your baby's routine the same before the day of surgery. Make sure you, your baby, and your family are well rested.

Preparing the Preschooler for Surgery

One of the major fears preschoolers have is fear of the unknown. Tell your child about the surgery several days before the procedure and perhaps even visit the hospital for a tour.

Preparing the School-Aged Child for Surgery

Have your child explain back to you what is going to happen in the hospital. School-aged children sometimes will listen carefully but not understand all that was said.

Preparing the Teen for Surgery

Allow your teen to be part of the decision-making process. Encourage them to make a list of questions to ask the healthcare providers.

Preparing the Toddler for Surgery

Read books to your toddler about going to the hospital. Keep any explanations simple and be careful with the words you use.

Prepubertal Vaginal Bleeding

There are several different reasons why a pediatric patient may experience vaginal bleeding. It is important to notify your health care provider if you notice your child is having vaginal bleeding.

Preschool (4 to 5 Years)

Detailed information on preschool-aged children, ages 4 to 5 years

Preschool and School-Aged Problems of the Teeth and Mouth

Detailed information on preschool and school-aged problems of the teeth and mouth

Preschool Play

A preschooler needs space in which to run and explore. Take them on trips to the playground, park, or beach. Encourage them to play with other children.

Preschooler Nutrition

Preschool children are still developing their eating habits and need encouragement to eat healthy meals and snacks.

Preterm Labor

Preterm labor is labor that starts before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy. Labor is when the uterus regularly tightens and the cervix starts to thin and open. This lets the baby (fetus) enter the birth canal.

Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM)

Preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM) is a pregnancy complication. In this condition, the sac (amniotic membrane) surrounding your baby breaks (ruptures) before week 37 of pregnancy. Once the sac breaks, you have an increased risk for infection. You also have a higher chance of having your baby born early.

Preventing Burn Injuries in Children

Here are safety tips: Periodically, check electrical plugs and cords for dirt or fraying. When cooking with hot oil, keep your child a safe distance from the stove. Teach your child to stay away from lighters and matches.

Preventing Burn Scars and Contractures in Children

Most second- and third-degree burns cause scarring. Physical therapists will work with your child to prevent or reduce scarring.

Preventing Eye Injuries in Children

Children should wear protective eyewear during sports and recreational activities. In the classroom, they should wear eye protection when doing lab experiments.

Preventing Falls

Falls are the most common cause of injury visits to the emergency room for young children. Falls cause more open wounds, fractures, and brain injuries than any other cause. Read on to learn about safety steps you can take to prevent a fall for your child.

Preventing MRSA in Athletes

MRSA most often causes minor skin infections in young athletes. But if untreated, the bacteria may invade the bloodstream and become a life-threatening infection. Read on to learn more.

Preventing Sports Injury in Children

Detailed information on sports safety for kids, including safety gear and equipment

Prevention of Infectious Disease

Detailed information on prevention of infectious diseases

Prevention of Oral Problems

Detailed information on the prevention of oral diseases and dental problems

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD)

Primary Immune Deficiencies

Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI)

Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a condition in which a woman’s ovaries do not make enough follicles or the follicles do not function properly. Because of this, there are not enough hormones produced and women stop having menses (their “period”) before the age of 40.

Problems Affecting the Coronary Arteries and Blood Vessels

Detailed information on problems affecting the coronary arteries and blood vessels of children

Problems Affecting the Lower Digestive Tract

Detailed information on problems affecting the lower digestive tract of children

Problems Affecting the Upper Digestive Tract

Detailed information on problems affecting the upper digestive tract of children

Problems in Prenatal Development of the Digestive Tract

Detailed information on problems in prenatal development of the digestive tract

Problems in Puberty

Detailed information on problems in puberty, including precocious puberty, gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty, and delayed puberty

Problems Involving Heart Rhythm

Detailed information on problems involving heart rhythm

Protecting Your Child with Vaccines

Vaccines are an important part of a healthy life for your child. Learn why they are beneficial, how they work, whether they are safe, and which ones your child needs.

Protein Losing Enteropathy (PLE)

Protein losing enteropathy (PLE) explains the condition when the body loses important proteins because they are leaking into the intestines.

Protein Restriction for Children

Detailed information on limiting protein in your child's diet, when your child has kidney failure.

Prune Belly Syndrome

Prune belly syndrome (PBS) is a rare condition that affects about 1 in every 50,000 children. Children are born with it. The condition affects belly (abdominal) muscles, bladder and urinary tract, as well as testicles in males. PBS is often found during pregnancy.

Prune Belly Syndrome in Children

A child with prune belly syndrome often can't fully empty their bladder. This can cause serious bladder, ureter, and kidney problems.

Psoriasis

Psoriasis (sore-EYE-uh-sis) is a common skin problem that looks like pink or red areas of skin topped with white or silvery scaly patches.

Psoriatic Arthritis in Children

Psoriatic arthritis is a rare form of arthritis or joint inflammation that affects skin and joints. Read on to learn about this condition in children.

Psychiatric Treatment Team

Team members may include a child and adolescent psychiatrist, a psychologist, a social worker, and a psychiatric nurse. Read on to learn more.

Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Events

This Helping Hand™ reviews what psychogenic non-epileptic events (PNEE) are, as well as signs, diagnosis, and treatment options.

Psychological Complications of Chronic Illness

Adolescence is a stressful time of life even for physically healthy teens. Chronic illness further complicates adolescent development. Read on to learn more.

Psychosis

Psychosis in children is rare but severe. Psychosis is a collection of significant symptoms that can impact thoughts, behaviors and emotions.

Psychosocial Needs of the Dying Child

The child with a terminal illness has the same need for love, emotional support, and normal activities as any person facing death.

Puberty: Adolescent Female

Girls experience puberty as a sequence of events, and their pubertal changes usually begin before boys of the same age. The first pubertal change in girls usually is breast development.

Puberty: Teen Boy

During puberty, a teen boy will grow taller and heavier, and hormones will lead to sexual maturity. Read on to learn what to expect.

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)

Pulmonary hypertension is a rare lung disease in which the blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries are high.

Pulmonary Atresia

Pulmonary atresia is a heart defect in children that affects blood flow to the lungs. It can be treated with surgery or catheterization

Pulmonary Hypertension

Pediatric pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disease that affects the blood vessels in the lungs. These vessels, called the pulmonary arteries, carry blood to the lungs from the right side of the heart. The high blood pressure causes the pulmonary arteries to narrow.

Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema

Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) is when air gets trapped in the tissue outside the tubes and air sacs of the lungs. It affects newborn babies. PIE is fairly common in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).

Pulmonary Stenosis

Pulmonary stenosis is a heart defect in children that makes it harder for blood to flow. It can be treated with surgery or catheterization.

Puncture Wounds in Children

A puncture wound is a deep wound made by a sharp object. This type of wound may become infected easily because dirt and germs are carried deep into the tissues.

Pyelectasis and Pelviectasis

Pyelectasis, or pelviectasis, is when urine gathers in the center of the kidney, called the pelvis. This makes the kidney larger than normal. This condition can affect one or both kidneys.

Pyelonephritis

Pyelonephritis is the medical term for a kidney infection. The most common cause of acute kidney infections in children is a bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI) that has spread from the bladder to the kidneys. Repeat acute kidney infections can lead to the need for a kidney transplant.

Pyloric Stenosis

Pyloric stenosis is a problem that causes forceful vomiting. It affects babies from birth to 6 months of age. It can lead to dehydration. This condition is the second most common reason why newborns have surgery.

Pyloric Stenosis

Pyloric stenosis is a problem that affects babies between birth and 6 months of age. In pyloric stenosis, the muscles in the lower part of the stomach enlarge, narrowing the opening of the pylorus and eventually preventing food from moving from the stomach to the intestine.