Conditions We Treat

Taking a Baby's Temperature

Most healthcare providers advise taking a baby's temperature rectally, by placing a thermometer in the baby's anus. This method is accurate and gives a quick reading of the baby's internal temperature.

Taking Care of Your Breast Pump and Collection Kit

It's important to keep your breast pump and all its parts clean and sterilized to keep your baby safe from breastmilk contamination. Here's what you need to know.

Taking Your Baby Home from the NICU

Your baby is finally ready to come home. Turn your nervous energy into positive action. Make a checklist for what you and your baby need before leaving the hospital so that you can create a safe home environment. Here's a list of items to get you started.

Teen Drivers

Information on teen driving, including safety tips.

Teens and Diabetes Mellitus

Detailed information on special considerations for teens with diabetes.

Teething

A baby's first tooth often appears between 5 and 7 months of age. Some babies get their first tooth a little earlier and others a little later. Here's what you need to know.

Television and Children

Many children watch too much digital media, which includes TV, the internet, and smart devices. Learn why too much screen time is not good for kids--and how to set limits and establish good viewing habits.

Temper Tantrums

Temper tantrums are a normal part of childhood development. They often happen only with a parent. They are a way for the child to communicate their feelings. Read on to learn more.

Tennis Elbow

Lateral epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow) is a painful inflammation of the bony bump on the outside of your elbow.

Tennis Elbow in Children

Tennis elbow is a repetitive stress injury. It happens when the muscles and tendons in the elbow area are torn or damaged. Read on to learn what to do if your child

Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors

There are three kinds of tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TGCTs). One type grows in the tissue that lines the joints (synovium). The second kind grows in the area that cushions the joints and tendons (bursa). The third type grows in the lining around the tendons (tendon sheath).

Teratogens

Detailed information on teratogens and non-teratogenic agents

Testicular Cancer

Testicular Torsion in Children

Testicular torsion is a painful twisting of the testicles and spermatic cord. Torsion causes blood to not flow to the testicles. This can damage them. Treatment needs to be done right away to prevent long-lasting (permanent) injury to the testicles.

Testing for Birth Defects

Detailed information on testing for birth defects

Tests for a Newborn Baby in Intensive Care

Babies in the newborn intensive care unit (NICU) undergo regular testing so they get the important care they need. Here are several common lab tests. Ask your baby's healthcare provider about them.

Tetanus in Children

Tetanus is a severe illness of the central nervous system caused by bacteria. It's not contagious. It can be prevented by a vaccine.

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)

Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect that is made up of 4 problems and results in not enough blood flow to the lungs.

Thalassemia

Detailed information on thalassemias, including alpha thalassemia, beta thalassemia (Cooley's anemia)

Thawing Breast Milk

Helpful tips for thawing and using frozen breastmilk.

The Benefits of Mother's Own Milk

Premature babies who get breastmilk develop better eyesight. They also often do better on intelligence tests as they grow older.

The Craniofacial Team

Detailed information on craniofacial abnormalities and the craniofacial treatment team.

The Day of Surgery

Read on for helpful information about what to expect before and after your child's surgery.

The Dying Process

Understanding the physical and mental changes the body goes through as death happens, may help ease some fears and misconceptions about death.

The Genetics of Cystic Fibrosis

Detailed information on the genetics involved in cystic fibrosis.

The Growing Child

Detailed information on the growth and development of a child

The Growing Child- Teenager (13 to 18 Years)

The teen years are a time of growth spurts, puberty changes, and emotional and social development. Here's what you need to know.

The Growing Child: 1 to 3 Months

A helpful look at common developmental milestones in young babies.

The Growing Child: 10 to 12 Months

Read on to learn about the common developmental milestones for babies ages 10 to 12 months.

The Growing Child: 1-Year-Olds

Your child is a toddler now and very active! They can climb stairs while holding on and play with push and pull toys.

The Growing Child: 2-Year-Olds

Read on to learn details about common physical, speech, and other developmental milestones your child may reach at this age.

The Growing Child: 3-Year-Olds

Most 3-year-olds have lost the rounded tummy of a toddler. Your child can use a spoon well and can wash and dry their hands.

The Growing Child: 4 to 6 Months

This age is very social, and babies begin moving in much more purposeful ways.

The Growing Child: 7 to 9 Months

Read on to learn about common physical, speech, and other developmental milestones to expect when your baby is this age.

The Growing Child: Newborn

A helpful look at what to expect with your newborn—from your baby's growth and reflexes to crying and emotional development.

The Growing Child: Preschool (4 to 5 Years)

Children at this age start to understand concepts and can compare abstract ideas. Read on to learn what to expect.

The Growing Child: School-Age (6 to 12 Years)

Although friendships become more important at this age, children are still fond of their parents and like being part of a family. Read on to learn more.

The Heart

Detailed information on the anatomy of the heart and heart transplantation in children

The Hospital Surgical Setting

Many surgeries performed on children are done as an outpatient. With minor surgeries, your child will return to the outpatient surgery center after spending the needed time in the recovery room.

The Immune System

Detailed information on the immune system and how it works.

The Kidneys

Detailed anatomical description of the kidneys

The Liver

Detailed anatomical description of the liver and liver transplantation in children

The Lungs

Detailed anatomical description of the lungs and lung transplantation in children

The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)

NICUs provide specialized care for the tiniest patients. NICUs may also have intermediate or continuing care areas for babies who are not as sick but do need specialized nursing care.

The New Mother: Taking Care of Yourself After Birth

You will need plenty of rest, good nutrition, and help during the first few weeks after your baby is born.

The Operating Room

Your child will need to know that people in the operating room will be wearing surgical clothes to help prevent germs from infecting the surgical incision.

The Pediatric Sports Medicine Specialist

A pediatric sports medicine specialist is a healthcare provider who helps children with injuries caused during sports or athletic activities.

The Pediatrics Orthopedic Team

Detailed information on each member of the pediatric orthopedic treatment team.

The Respiratory System in Babies

A look at the respiratory system, and lung development in babies.

The Surgical Team for Children

Most surgical teams include a surgeon, an anesthesiologist, a nurse anesthetist, and an operating room nurse. The number of team members differs depending on the type of surgery performed.

Thermal Burns

Thermal Injuries

Detailed information on thermal injuries in children

Thigh and Hip Strains

A strain of the thigh/hip is a stretching or tearing of a muscle and is commonly referred to as a “pulled muscle.”

Third-Degree Burn in Children

A burn is damage to tissues of the body caused by contact with things such as heat, radiation, or chemicals. A third-degree burn damages the outer layer of skin (epidermis) and the inner layer of skin (dermis). A child with a third-degree burn needs immediate medical care.

Thrombocytopenia in the Newborn

Thrombocytopenia means that a newborn baby has too few platelets in their blood. Platelets are blood cells that help the blood clot. They are made in the bone marrow.

Thrombophilia

Thrush (Oral Candida Infection) in Children

Thrush is a mouth infection that is common in babies and children. Symptoms include white or yellow velvety patches in the mouth. Thrush is caused by a type of fungus called Candida.

Thrush and Yeast Infections

Thrush is an infection caused by a fungus called candida. Thrush can affect a child's mouth or diaper area. Oral thrush begins as flat white spots and come together to form patches. These spots are often mistaken for "milk patches." Candida in the diaper area can cause a red rash with tiny blisters.

Thumb Sucking

Thumbsucking is normal in infants and young children. It shouldn't cause any permanent problems if your child stops by age 5.

Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

A thyroglossal duct cyst is typically noticed as an area of fullness or a lump in the midline of the neck, usually just above the voice box.

Thyroglossal Duct Cyst in Children

A thyroglossal duct cyst is a pocket in the front part of neck that is filled with fluid. A child is born with this cyst.

Thyroid Conditions

Detailed information on thyroid conditions and pregnancy

Tibial Torsion in Children

Tibial torsion is an inward twisting of the shinbones. These bones are located between the knee and the ankle. Tibial torsion causes a child's feet to turn inward.

Tick Bite Diseases

Ticks feed on human blood. Most tick bites are harmless, but some species can cause serious diseases.

Tick Bites

Ticks attach themselves to the scalp, behind the ear, in the armpit and groin, and also between fingers and toes. Find out what to do if you find a tick on your child.

Tilt Table Test for Children

The tilt table test is done to find the cause of fainting (syncope). Tilt table testing is done with a special table or bed that changes a child's position from lying to standing. Their blood pressure and heart rate are checked while they're in the different positions.

Time-Out

Time-out is a type of discipline that is used to stop bad behavior in a child. It takes the child out of the situation and gives them time to calm down.

Tinea Versicolor

Tinea versicolor (TIN ee uh VUHR sih kuhl er) is a common rash caused by the overgrowth of microscopic yeast on the skin's surface. The rash looks like small, scaly spots.

Tinea Versicolor in Children

Tinea versicolor is a fungal skin infection. It’s caused by yeast on the skin. It occurs most often in teens and young adults. But it can happen at any time.

Toddler

Detailed information on toddler health

Toddler Nutrition

Read on to learn about healthy food choices, activity tips, and helpful feeding information for your toddler.

Toddler Play

Read on for helpful tips to encourage play for your child.

Toddler Problems of the Teeth and Mouth

Detailed information on toddler problems of the teeth and mouth

Toilet Training

Read on to learn more about toilet training, from signs your child is ready to helpful tips for potty training success.

Tongue Tie

While up to 10 percent of children can have some degree of tongue tie, not all children with tongue tie require intervention.

Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy for Children

A tonsillectomy may be recommended if your child has throat infections that keep coming back. Adenoidectomy is recommended if your child has a lot of trouble breathing through the nose. Often the tonsils and adenoids are removed at the same time.

Tonsillitis

Tonsillitis refers to inflammation or infection of the tonsils. Treatment of tonsillitis typically requires a course of antibiotics.

Tooth Decay in Children

Tooth decay is the breakdown of tooth enamel. Enamel is the hard outer surface of a tooth. Tooth decay can lead to cavities.

Toothache (Pulpitis) in Children

A toothache means that the pulp inside a tooth is inflamed and infected. The pulp is the soft part inside the tooth that has blood vessels and nerves.

Topic Index - Adolescent Medicine

Detailed information on adolescent medicine, including growth and development, cognitive development, relationship development, health and injury problems, and safety

Topic Index - Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology

Detailed information on allergy, asthma, and immunology

Topic Index - Burns

Detailed information on burns, including anatomy, classification, treatment, and prevention

Topic Index - Cardiovascular Disorders

Detailed information on cardiovascular diseases in children

Topic Index - Care of the Terminally Ill Child

Detailed information on care of the terminally ill child

Topic Index - Child and Adolescent Mental Health

Detailed information on child and adolescent mental health disorders

Topic Index - Common Childhood Injuries and Poisonings

Detailed information on the common poisonings and injuries of children

Topic Index - Craniofacial Anomalies

Detailed information on craniofacial anomalies, including Cleft Lip, Cleft Palate, Craniosynostosis, Deformational Plagiocephaly, Hemifacial Microsomia, Vascular Malformations, and Hemangiomas

Topic Index - Dental and Oral Health

Detailed information on dental and oral health in children

Topic Index - Dermatology for Children

Detailed information on dermatology and children

Topic Index - Diabetes and Other Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

Detailed information on diabetes and other endocrine and metabolic disorders that affect children

Topic Index - Digestive and Liver Disorders

Detailed information on digestive disorders in children

Topic Index - Ear, Nose, and Throat

Detailed information on ear, nose, and throat disorders in children

Topic Index - Eye Care for Children

Detailed information on eye disorders in children

Topic Index - Genitourinary and Kidney Disorders

Detailed information on genitourinary and kidney disorders in children

Topic Index - Growth and Development

Detailed information on proper health maintenance for a child

Topic Index - Hematology and Blood Disorders in Children

Detailed information on blood disorders, including Anemia, Aplastic Anemia, Hemolytic Anemia, Iron Deficiency Anemia, Megaloblastic Anemia, Sickle Cell Anemia, Thalassemia, Alpha Thalassemia, Beta Thalassemia (Cooley's Anemia)

Topic Index - High-Risk Newborn

Detailed information on high-risk newborns

Topic Index - High-Risk Pregnancy

Detailed information on high-risk pregnancy

Topic Index - Infectious Diseases in Children

Detailed information on infectious diseases in children

Topic Index - Medical Genetics

Detailed information on medical genetics, including chromosome abnormalities, single gene defects, multifactorial inheritance, teratogens, and non-traditional inheritance

Topic Index - Neurological Disorders

Detailed information on neurological disorders in children

Topic Index - Normal Newborn

Detailed information on newborn care

Topic Index - Oncology

Detailed information on cancer in children

Topic Index - Orthopedics

Detailed information on orthopaedic disorders in children

Topic Index - Pediatric Arthritis and Other Rheumatic Diseases

Detailed information on pediatric arthritis and other rheumatic diseases

Topic Index - Respiratory Disorders in Children

Detailed information on the most common types of respiratory disorders, including symptoms, prevention, diagnostic, and treatment information

Topic Index - Safety and Injury Prevention

Detailed information on safety and injury prevention of children

Topic Index - The Child Having Surgery

Detailed information on surgery in children

Topic Index - Transplantation

Detailed information on transplantation in children

Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) is a congenital heart defect. Read on for details about this condition, including symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.

Tourette Disorder in Children

Tourette disorder (TD) is a neurological disorder that causes repeated tics. Tics are sudden, uncontrolled vocal sounds or muscle jerks. Symptoms of TD often begin between ages 5 and 10. They usually start with mild, simple tics of the face, head, or arms.

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis in Children

Toxic epidermal necrolysis is a life-threatening skin disorder. It causes skin blistering and peeling. Read on to learn more about this condition.

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis is not only harmful to moms-to-be, but also to their unborn babies. If you haven't heard of toxoplasmosis, you'll definitely want to brush up on this new word.

Toy Safety

Detailed information on toy safety and injury prevention in children

Toy Safety—Identifying High-Risk Situations

Small toys or toys with small removal parts are not appropriate for children ages 3 and younger.

Toy Safety—Prevention

Most toys today are safe. But injuries still happen. Read this article for helpful tips on preventing toy-related injuries.

Tracheoesophageal Fistula and Esophageal Atresia

Tracheoesophageal fistula is a connection between the esophagus and the trachea. The esophagus is the tube that connects the throat to the stomach. The trachea is the tube that connects the throat to the windpipe and lungs. Normally, the esophagus and trachea are 2 tubes that are not connected. This issue is also called TE fistula or TEF. It can happen in one or more places.

Tracheomalacia (Primary and Secondary)

Tracheomalacia is characterized by collapse of the walls of the windpipe (trachea). If the collapse is due to weakness of the cartilage in the tracheal wall, it is called primary tracheomalacia. If it's due to compression by a structure outside of the windpipe, it is called secondary tracheomalacia.

Transesophageal Echocardiography for Children

Echocardiography is an imaging test. It uses sound waves to make detailed moving pictures of the heart. It shows the size and shape of the heart, as well as the heart chambers and valves. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) uses a device, called a transducer, that is placed in the esophagus.

Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn

Transient tachypnea of the newborn is a mild breathing problem. It affects babies during the first hours of life. Transient means it is short-lived. Tachypnea means fast breathing rate. The problem often goes away on its own in about 3 days.

Translocation Down Syndrome

Detailed information on translocation Down syndrome

Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)

Transposition of the Great Arteries is a heart condition where arteries switch places and oxygenated blood goes back to lungs, not body. It can be treated with surgery and catheterization.

Trauma

Detailed information on neurological trauma in children

Treatment for a Child's Allergy to Dust or Pollen

Detailed information on avoidance of allergens and treatment for allergy, including immunotherapy (allergy shots) and medicine.

Treatment for Cystic Fibrosis

A look at treatment options for cystic fibrosis.

Treatment for Dog and Cat Bites and Scratches

When your child is bitten or scratched by an animal, remain calm and reassure your child that you can help. Here's what you need to know.

Treatment for Human Bites

Human bite wounds are more likely to become infected than dog or cat bites. A healthcare provider should check any human bite that breaks the skin.

Treatment for Skin Cancer in Children

Skin cancer in children can be treated in several ways. The best choice for your child depends on the size, place, and stage of the cancer, along with other factors.

Tree Nut Allergy Diet for Children

Tree nuts include almonds, pecans, and walnuts. Tree nuts are also found in many food products. Here's what you need to know.

Trichomonas

Trichomonas is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Anyone who is sexually active has a chance of getting trichomonas.

Trichomoniasis (Trich) in Teens

Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI). It can cause vaginal redness and swelling in teen girls. In teen boys it can cause painful urination.

Tricuspid Atresia

Tricuspid atresia (TA) is a heart defect present at birth (congenital). It occurs when the tricuspid valve doesn’t form right during fetal heart development. This happens during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy.

Tricuspid Atresia

Tricuspid atresia (TA) is a heart defect present at birth (congenital). It occurs when the tricuspid valve doesn’t form right during fetal heart development. This happens during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy. Read on to learn details about this condition.

Trinucleotide Repeats: Fragile X Syndrome

Detailed information on trinucleotide repeats, including fragile X syndrome.

Trisomy 13 and Trisomy 18 in Children

Trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 are genetic disorders. They include a combination of birth defects. This includes severe learning problems and health problems that affect nearly every organ in the body.

Trisomy 21

Truncus Arteriosus

Truncus arteriosus is a rare heart defect where only one large blood vessel forms instead of two. It can be treated with surgery.

Tuberculosis (TB) in Children

Tuberculosis (TB) is an ongoing (chronic) infection caused by bacteria. It usually infects the lungs. But the kidneys, spine, and brain may also be affected.

Turner Syndrome

Turner Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects females. It is caused by a partial or complete loss of an X chromosome.

Turner Syndrome (Monosomy X) in Children

A detailed look at Turner syndrome, a genetic disorder that occurs in girls.

Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion (TRAP) Sequence

Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence is a rare condition that affects pregnancies with identical twins who share a placenta. TRAP occurs when one of the twins, called the acardiac twin, lacks a functioning heart and gets blood from the other twin, called the pump twin.

Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome

Identical twins who share one placenta may be at risk for Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS). The single placenta contains blood vessels going from one baby to the other. In TTTS, blood from the smaller donor twin is transferred to the larger recipient twin, causing an uneven exchange of blood.

Tympanic Membrane Perforation

Tympanic membrane perforation can be suspected with a history of ear trauma, ear tubes, frequent ear drainage or hearing loss. 

Tympanometry

Learn more about tympanometry.

Tympanostomy Tubes for Children

Ear tubes are small tubes that are placed in your child’s eardrum by an ear, nose, and throat surgeon. The tubes help to drain the fluid out of the middle ear. Read on to learn more.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Children

Diabetes is a condition in which the body can't make enough insulin, or can't use insulin normally. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder. The body's immune system damages the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. Insulin is a hormone. It helps sugar (glucose) in the blood get into cells of the body to be used as fuel. When glucose can’t enter the cells, it builds up in the blood. This is called high blood sugar (hyperglycemia).

Type 2 Diabetes in Children

Diabetes is a condition in which the body can't make enough insulin, or can't use insulin normally. Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder. Insulin is a hormone. It helps sugar (glucose) in the blood get into cells of the body to be used as fuel. When glucose can’t enter the cells, it builds up in the blood. This is called high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). High blood sugar can cause problems all over the body.

Types of Allergens

Detailed information on allergy triggers and symptom control

Types of Anesthesia for Children

During surgery, your child will be given some form of anesthesia - medicine given to relieve pain and sensation.

Types of Chromosome Abnormalities

Detailed information on the different types of chromosome abnormality

Types of Hearing Tests for Babies and Children

A look at the different types of hearing tests used for babies and children.

Types of Surgery for Children

Surgery doesn't always mean large incisions. Minimally invasive surgery is often used today. This uses small cuts, and allows a child to recover faster and with less pain.

Types of Visual Screening Tests for Babies and Children

Many types of vision tests can be used to check your child's ability to see. Some of them can be used at any age, and some are used based on your child's age and understanding.