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Identification, Treatment, and Prevention of Birth Defects
Detailed information on the identification, treatment, and prevention of birth defects
Learn MoreIf Your Child Has Trouble Adjusting After a Burn Injury
Agitated behavior, such as crying, sleep disturbances and nightmares, and repeated episodes of sadness, are signs that your child may be having trouble coping with stress.
Learn MoreIgA Vasculitis in Children
IgA Vasculitis is a condition that involves swelling (inflammation) of small blood vessels. The swollen blood vessels leak into the skin, joints, intestines, and kidneys.
Learn MoreIliac Apophysitis
Iliac apophysitis (uh-paa-fuh-sai-tuhs) is pain and swelling (inflammation) of the growth plate along the side of the hip (iliac crest). The growth plate is an area of weakness, and injury to it occurs because of repeated stress or forceful exercise.
Learn MoreIliotibial Band Syndrome
The Iliotibial Band (IT Band) is an extension of muscle on the outside of the thigh. IT band syndrome is a painful condition caused by overuse. Symptoms of IT band syndrome include pain on the outside of the knee or hip that becomes worse with activity.
Learn MoreImmune Deficiencies
Detailed information on immune deficiency disorders in children, including Severe Combined Immunodeficiency, Common Variable Immunodeficiency, DiGeorge Syndrome, and X-linked Agammaglobulinemia
Learn MoreImmune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) happens when the body destroys its own platelets. Platelets are a kind of blood cell that help the blood to clot after a person gets cut or bruised. A child with ITP may have a platelet count of less than 1,000.
Learn MoreImmune Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Children
ITP is a blood disorder that causes a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood. Platelets help stop bleeding. So a decrease in platelets can result in easy bruising, bleeding gums, and bleeding inside the body.
Learn MoreImpaired Spleen Function
The spleen is an organ that helps prevent and control some infections. Asplenia is when you don’t have a spleen.
Learn MoreImperforate Anus in Children
Imperforate anus happens when your child is born with a blocked or missing anus. Learn more about this condition, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Learn MoreImpetigo in Children
Impetigo is a skin infection. When it affects just the surface, it’s called superficial impetigo. Impetigo can also affect deeper parts of the skin. This is called ecthyma. It may occur on healthy skin. Or it may occur where the skin was injured by a cut, scrape, or insect bite.
Learn MoreIncreased Intracranial Pressure
Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) means greater than normal pressure on the brain. It results from a greater volume of fluid or swelling of the brain. Call 911 if your child loses consciousness or has convulsions (seizures) lasting longer than 5 minutes.
Learn MoreInfant Nutrition
Choosing how to feed your baby is an important decision that has life-long effects for your baby and for you.
Learn MoreInfant of a Mother with Diabetes
When a mother has diabetes, her baby is at risk for problems. Read on to learn more.
Learn MoreInfant Play
Read on for helpful suggestions for activities and toys for your baby, according to their age.
Learn MoreInfant Problems of the Teeth and Mouth
Detailed information on infant problems of the teeth and mouth
Learn MoreInfant Sleep
If you know anything about your baby's sleeping pattern, it's probably that it doesn't coincide with yours. But learning more about your baby's nighttime and daytime sleep needs can help you recognize what's normal, and what's not.
Learn MoreInfectious Mononucleosis (Mono) in Teens and Young Adults
Infectious mononucleosis is a contagious illness. It’s common in teens and young adults.
Learn MoreInflammatory and Infectious Digestive Disorders
Detailed information on digestive inflammatory and infectious disorders in children
Learn MoreInflammatory and Infectious Musculoskeletal Disorders
Detailed information on the most common types of inflammatory and infectious disorders in children
Learn MoreInflammatory and Infectious Neurological Disorders
Detailed information on the most common inflammatory and infectious disorders in children
Learn MoreInflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) refers to chronic inflammation of the intestines not due to infections or other identifiable causes. There are two main types of IBD: ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. The most common symptoms are diarrhea, sometimes with blood and mucus and abdominal pain.
Learn MoreInfluenza
Influenza, also known as the flu, is an illness caused by a virus. A child who has the flu may have some or all of these symptoms: high fever, headache, dry cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle aches, tiredness, stomach pain and diarrhea. Antibiotic medicines will not help cure the flu.
Learn MoreInfluenza (Flu) in Children
Influenza (flu) is a very contagious viral infection that affects the air passages of the lungs. It causes a high fever, body aches, a cough, and other symptoms.
Learn MoreInguinal and Umbilical Hernias in Children
A hernia is when a part of the intestine pushes through a weak spot in the belly (abdominal) muscles. The hernia creates a soft lump or bulge under the skin.
Learn MoreInguinal Hernia in Children
A hernia occurs when a part of the intestine pushes through a weakness in the belly (abdominal) muscles. A hernia in the groin area is called an inguinal hernia.
Learn MoreInjuries to a Child's Tooth
The injury may be to a primary tooth or a permanent tooth. A tooth can be cracked, chipped, or totally detached from its socket.
Learn MoreInsect Bites and Children
Detailed information on insect bites, including fleas, mites, chiggers, and ticks
Learn MoreInsect Stings and Allergic Reactions in Children
For most children, the reaction to a sting is brief, with redness and swelling followed by pain and itching. Others may have an allergic reaction that is life-threatening. Read on for details.
Learn MoreInsect Stings in Children
Insect stings can occur anywhere on the body and can be painful and frightening for a child. Most insect stings cause only minor discomfort. Most stings are from honeybees or yellow jackets, also called ground hornets.
Learn MoreInsects in a Child's Ear
Read on for important tips on what to do if your child has an insect in their ear.
Learn MoreIntensive Care
Intensive care is needed for children who have had certain types of major surgery: heart operations, organ transplants, or neurosurgery.
Learn MoreInteracting with a Child Who Has Autism Spectrum Disorder
If you are a parent or grandparent of a child with ASD, it can be heartbreaking if you feel like you just can't connect with them. Here are some things to know that can help you and your relationship.
Learn MoreInterrupted Aortic Arch (IAA)
Interrupted aortic arch is a heart condition where the aorta doesn't form completely. This affects blood flow and will require open heart surgery to treat it.
Learn MoreIntestinal Malrotation and Volvulus in Children
Intestinal malrotation is a birth defect. It happens when your baby’s intestinal tract doesn’t form as it should during pregnancy. Malrotation happens when your baby’s intestine doesn’t turn like it should.
Learn MoreIntestinal Malrotation Surgery
In this Helping Hand™, we discuss malrotation of the intestines, which is when a baby’s intestines do not move or rotate into the right place.
Learn MoreIntracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri)
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, sometimes called pseudotumor cerebri, is a condition in which the cerebro-spinal fluid is not able to drain normally.
Learn MoreIntravenous (IV) Line and Tubes
Because most babies in the NICU are too small or sick to take milk feedings, medicines and fluids are often given through their veins or arteries.
Learn MoreIntraventricular Hemorrhage in Babies
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is bleeding inside or around the ventricles in the brain. The ventricles are the spaces in the brain that contain the cerebral spinal fluid.
Learn MoreIntussusception (Inpatient)
Intussusception is a blockage of the intestines. It happens when one part of the intestine folds into another part. Signs of intussusception include pain in the abdomen (stomach) that comes and goes, or comes on suddenly. Many intussusceptions are fixed with an air enema but some require surgery.
Learn MoreIntussusception (Outpatient)
Intussusception is a blockage of the intestines. It happens when one part of the intestine folds into another part. Signs of intussusception include pain in the abdomen (stomach) that comes and goes, or comes on suddenly. Many intussusceptions are fixed with an air enema but some require surgery.
Learn MoreIntussusception in Children
Intussusception is a serious problem in the intestine. It's the most common abdominal emergency in early childhood. Read on to learn more.
Learn MoreIron Deficiency Anemia
The most common cause of anemia worldwide is iron deficiency. Iron is needed to form hemoglobin. Iron is mostly stored in the body in the hemoglobin. Iron deficiency anemia can be caused by diets low in iron, body changes, gastrointestinal tract abnormalities and blood loss.
Learn MoreIron-Deficiency Anemia in Children
Anemia is a common health problem in children. A common cause of anemia is a child who doesn't have enough red blood cells or enough hemoglobin. Read on to learn more.
Learn MoreIrritable Bowel Syndrome
This Helping Hand™ covers irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) which is a common disorder that affects the large intestine (colon). Symptoms are caused by changes in how the GI tract works. IBS is a group of symptoms that occur together, not a disease.
Learn MoreIrritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) in Children
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a long-term (chronic) disorder that affects the large intestine or colon. IBS causes painful belly (abdominal) and bowel symptoms.
Learn MoreJaundice in Children
Jaundice is a common condition in newborns that occurs when a yellow pigment (bilirubin) cannot be removed from the body fast enough and levels in the blood become too high. The buildup of bilirubin causes the skin and the white part of the eyes to appear yellow. Most cases clear without treatment.
Learn MoreJaw Abnormalities
Jaw abnormalities affect the bite and appearance of patients. These may be due to a cleft lip and palate, or other causes. Learn more today.
Learn MoreJeune's Syndrome
Jeune's Syndrome is a form of congenital dwarfism causing children to have a deformity of their chest wall. Learn more about signs, symptoms, and treatment.
Learn MoreJuvenile Ankylosing Spondylitis (JAS) in Children
Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis. It affects the spine and the places where the muscles, tendons, and ligaments are attached to bone. Ankylosing means stiff or rigid. Spondyl means spine. Its refers to inflammation.
Learn MoreJuvenile Arthritis and Other Rheumatic Diseases
Arthritis is an inflammation of the joints that causes pain and swelling. Juvenile arthritis is the term used for arthritis in children. Read on to learn more.
Learn MoreJuvenile Dermatomyositis
Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is a rare disease that causes muscle inflammation and a skin rash.
Learn MoreJuvenile Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Juvenile Fibromyalgia Syndrome is a chronic pain condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain. The symptoms begin in childhood or adolescence. JFS can run in families.
Learn MoreJuvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a form of arthritis in children. Arthritis causes joint swelling (inflammation) and joint stiffness. JIA is arthritis that affects 1 or more joints for at least 6 weeks in a child age 16 or younger.
Learn MoreJuvenile Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a condition where the bones are thinner than normal. It’s a condition that gets worse over time. This means that bones get thinner over time, or don’t grow as they should. The bones are then weaker and at higher risk of breaking. The condition is much more common in older adults. But it can also occur during childhood. In children, it’s called juvenile osteoporosis.
Learn MoreJuvenile Polyposis Syndrome (JPS)
Juvenile polyposis syndrome is an inherited condition that is characterized by the development of hamartomatous polyps throughout the digestive tract.
Learn MoreJuvenile Xanthogranuloma (JXG)
A juvenile xanthogranuloma, or JXG, is a benign skin lump or bump caused by a collection of cells called histiocytes. These may be red, orange or tan at first, but over time may become more yellow in color.
Learn More
Helping Hands Patient Education Materials
Written and illustrated by medical, nursing and allied health professionals at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Helping Hand instructions are intended as a supplement to verbal instructions provided by a medical professional. The information is periodically reviewed and revised to reflect our current practice. However, Nationwide Children's Hospital is not responsible for any consequences resulting from the use or misuse of the information in the Helping Hands.