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Achilles Tendonitis
Achilles tendonitis is an injury of the Achilles tendon (back of ankle). This tendon, sometimes called the ‘heel cord’, attaches the calf muscle to the heel. It is important for standing on your toes or for push-off during walking, running or jumping.
Learn MoreAnkle Sprain
An ankle sprain is a torn or stretched ligament in the ankle. Signs of an ankle injury include pain, swelling and tenderness in the ankle that may spread to the whole ankle and foot, and trouble walking.
Learn MoreAnterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Tear
An anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is a sprain of one of the four major ligaments of the knee. The ACL is a rope-like structure that helps maintain the normal position of the femur (thigh bone) and the tibia (leg bone).
Learn MoreAvulsion Fracture of the Iliac Crest
Avulsion fractures occur when a small piece of bone is separated from the main bone due to the pull of the muscle and tendon attached to it.
Learn MoreAvulsion Fractures of the Ischial Tuberosity of the Pelvis
Avulsion fractures happen when a small piece of bone is pulled away by a muscle or tendon. The ischial tuberosity, located in the buttocks, is where the hamstring tendons attach to the pelvis. These fractures often occur in teenagers.
Learn MoreBack Sciatica
The sciatic nerve is the longest nerve in the body. Sciatica is caused by increased pressure placed on the sciatic nerve, most commonly from a herniated disk.
Learn MoreBiceps Tendonitis and Tenosynovitis (Distal)
Distal biceps tendonitis is pain at the front of the elbow and upper arm caused by inflammation (swelling) of the biceps tendon. Tenosynovitis is inflammation of the tendon sheath that surrounds the biceps tendon.
Learn MoreChronic Ankle Instability
Chronic ankle instability happens when your ankle keeps giving way, especially after many sprains. This makes it hard to walk or play sports without your ankle feeling weak or wobbly. It can happen even when you’re just standing still.
Learn MoreComplementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) for Cancer
Alternative therapy is a nonconventional approach to healing. It may be used instead of standard treatment or in combination with standard medicine. Read on to learn more.
Learn MoreContact Sports and Kids: How to Keep Your Children Safe
Kids are more susceptible to sports injuries than adults because they are still growing and developing. The risk for injury is even greater if the child plays a contact sport, such as basketball, football, or soccer.
Learn MoreElbow Dislocation
The elbow joint is made up of three bones. An elbow dislocation is an injury to the elbow joint that causes the humerus and ulna to be moved from their normal spot, so they no longer fit together.
Learn MoreEye Medicine and Vitamin K Injection for Newborns
Newborn babies routinely receive eye medicine and a vitamin K injection soon after birth. Both prevent serious conditions.
Learn MoreFemoral Anteversion
Femoral anteversion is an inward turn of the thigh bone, which can cause the knees and toes to point in.
Learn MoreGreater Trochanter Bursitis
A bursa is a fluid-filled sac, like a water balloon. It reduces rubbing between the bone and the surrounding soft tissue, like muscles, ligaments, and tendons. Bursitis occurs when there is swelling and pain in a bursa.
Learn MoreGrowth Plate Injuries
The physis, or growth plate, is an area of growing bone near the ends of long bones. Bones grow longer from the tissue produced by the physis and then harden.
Learn MoreHip Flexor Strain
The hip flexor muscles are in the front of the thigh. They are made up of the iliopsoas (i-lee-uh-sow-uhs), sartorius (saar-taw-ree-is), and rectus femoris (rek-tuhs feh-mr-uhs) muscles. They allow the hip to lift up, or flex. Muscle attaches to bone via a tendon.
Learn MoreHip Pointer (Iliac Crest Contusion)
A hip pointer is a bruise to the bone on the side of the hip called the iliac crest. It is usually from a direct hit to the hip. Bruises cause bleeding from small blood vessels that split, allowing blood to leak into the muscles, tendons, or other soft tissues.
Learn MoreHome Page - Adolescent Medicine
Detailed information on adolescent medicine, including growth and development, cognitive development, relationship development, health and injury problems, and safety
Learn MoreIliac Apophysitis
Iliac apophysitis (uh-paa-fuh-sai-tuhs) is pain and swelling (inflammation) of the growth plate along the side of the hip (iliac crest). The growth plate is an area of weakness, and injury to it occurs because of repeated stress or forceful exercise.
Learn MoreLabral Tear of Hip
The labrum is a piece of cartilage that lines the socket (acetabulum) of the hip joint. It provides strength and cushions the hip joint. A tear in the labrum can result from injury, repeated wear-and-tear to the hip joint, or from a bony deformity (impingement) in the hip joint.
Learn MoreLateral Collateral Ligament Sprain
The lateral collateral ligament (LCL) is one of the 4 major ligaments of the knee. An injury to the LCL alone is not common and often occurs with knee injuries.
Learn MoreLateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)
Lateral epicondylitis, or tennis elbow, is an injury to the outer side of the elbow where the muscles and tendons attach to the bone. The muscles or tendons of the forearm that pull your wrist back (extend the wrist) get damaged.
Learn MoreLateral Malleolus Avulsion Fractures
Avulsion fractures are breaks or splits in the bone.
Learn MoreLisfranc Injury
A Lisfranc injury occurs when the ligaments in the middle part of the foot are sprained. That causes some of the foot bones to move out of position. It may or may not involve a break (fracture) of the bones.
Learn MoreLittle Leaguer's Elbow
Little leaguer’s elbow is an injury to the medial epicondylar growth plate of the inner elbow. The growth plate is a weak area. Injury to it occurs due to repeated stress.
Learn MoreLumbar Facet Syndrome
The facet joints are the links between the bones of the spine. They allow the spine to bend and twist and keep the back from slipping too far forward or twisting too far. Injury to one or more of the facet joints can cause pain and irritation known as lumbar facet syndrome.
Learn MoreLumbosacral Transitional Vertebra (LSTV)
The lumbar spine (low back) normally has 5 vertebral bones that attach to the sacrum (bone at the bottom of the spine). The lumbosacral spine supports the majority of the body’s weight and protects the primary nerves that arise from the spinal cord.
Learn MoreMedial Epicondylitis (Golfer's Elbow)
Medial epicondylitis, or golfer’s elbow, is an injury to the inner side of the elbow where the muscles and tendons attach to the bone. The muscles and tendons of the forearm that bring your wrist down (extend the wrist) get damaged.
Learn MoreMedicine Rashes in Children
Medicine rashes are the body’s reaction to a certain medicine. The type of rash that occurs depends on the type of medicine that is causing it. Rashes can range from mild to severe.
Learn MoreMeniscus Tear
The meniscus is a C-shaped structure in the knee that acts as a shock absorber between the thigh bone (femur) and the shin bone (tibia). The meniscus can tear due to a blow to the knee, twisting, pivoting, kneeling, squatting or fast change in running direction.
Learn MoreMenstrual Dysfunction in the Athlete
Many things can cause changes in hormone levels. These changes can lead to irregular or missed periods, especially in athletes.
Learn MoreMetatarsal Stress Fracture
A metatarsal stress fracture is a break in the foot which involves one or more of the long foot bones (metatarsals). It is caused by intense exercise or repeat pressure on the foot.
Learn MoreMetatarsalgia
Metatarsalgia (met-uh-tahr-sal-juh) refers to pain in the ball of the foot (metatarsal heads). This is the part of the foot where you push off when walking or running. This pain can occur in one or more of the toes. It usually involves the second and third toes.
Learn MoreMid-Back Strain
A mid-back strain is an injury to the muscles and ligaments of the middle back that attach to the ribs, chest wall and the thoracic spine.
Learn MoreMorton's Neuroma
Morton’s neuroma is a nerve disorder in the foot. It causes pain and loss of feeling between 2 toes. It is caused by thickening of the tissue around the nerve (interdigital nerve) between the metatarsal bones of the foot, near the toes.
Learn MoreOsteitis Pubis
Osteitis pubis (Aa-stee-ai-tuhs Pyoo buhs) is an overuse injury at the front of the hip at the symphysis pubis joint. The symphysis pubis connects 2 of the main bones of the pelvis. The symphysis pubis is made up of the pubic bones, cartilage, a joint capsule, and joint fluid.
Learn MoreOsteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum (OCD)
Osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum (OCD) is a condition that affects the outside surface of the elbow that involves a separation of a segment of cartilage and the underlying bone. The bone underneath the joint’s cartilage is damaged due to lack of blood flow, causing pain.
Learn MorePelvic Apophysitis
Apophysitis (uh-paa-fuh-sai-tuhs) is pain and swelling (inflammation) of a growth plate that has a muscle attached to it and can happen in many locations throughout the body. The growth plate is an area of weakness and is prone to injury.
Learn MorePes Planus
Pes planus, also known as flat feet, is when the foot’s arch is lowered or flattened out. Some people have an arch when their foot is not in contact with the ground, but when they put their foot on the ground with weight, their arch goes away.
Learn MorePiriformis Syndrome
Piriformis (pee-ruh-for-muhs) syndrome is a rare condition in the back of the hip, causing pain and sometimes loss of feeling in the back of the thigh. Pain often goes down to the bottom of the foot.
Learn MorePlantar Fasciitis
Plantar fasciitis (plan-taar fa-shee-ai-tus) occurs when there is pain and stiffness of the main fascia (a fibrous connective tissue) on the bottom of the foot. The plantar fascia connects the heel bone to the toes and gives the arch of the foot support.
Learn MorePreventing Sports Injury in Children
Detailed information on sports safety for kids, including safety gear and equipment
Learn MoreSacroiliac (SI) Joint Dysfunction
The sacroiliac (SI) joint connects the hip and pelvis with the lower spine. SI joint dysfunction is a condition with pain experienced anywhere in the lower back, hips, buttocks and sometimes lower legs.
Learn MoreSacroiliitis
Sacroiliitis is the swelling (inflammation) of either one or both of the sacroiliac (SI) joints.
Learn MoreScaphoid Fracture
The scaphoid is one of 8 carpal bones located in the wrist. A scaphoid fracture is a break of the scaphoid bone.
Learn MoreScheuermann's Disease
Scheuermann’s disease is a condition of the mid-back related to the shape of the vertebrae and the curve of the spinal column. Normally, vertebrae are about the same size and rectangular-shaped. With Scheuermann’s disease, the vertebrae become wedge-shaped and a person’s posture may change.
Learn MoreSchmorl's Nodes
A Schmorl’s node is a bulge (protrusion) of the jelly-like contents of the vertebral disc into the growth cartilage of bone (vertebra) above or below the disc.
Learn MoreScoliosis
Scoliosis is a condition where there is an abnormal curve of the spine. Most cases are idiopathic, meaning there is no known cause. However, some cases are related to neurological conditions or seen in children with birth defects.
Learn MoreSesamoid Stress Fracture
A sesamoid stress fracture is an overuse injury of the sesamoid bones in the foot. Sesamoid bones are bones that develop in the tendons.
Learn MoreSlipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis is a hip injury that involves the growth plate (physis) of the thigh (femur) bone. This injury occurs when the neck of the femur (metaphysis) moves in relation to the ball on the top part of the femur (epiphysis).
Learn MoreSnapping Hip Syndrome
Snapping hip syndrome is caused by tendons snapping over bony bumps (prominences) in the hip.
Learn MoreSpinous Process Apophysitis
Spinous process apophysitis is an injury to an apophysis in the low back.
Learn MoreSpondylolisthesis
Spondylolisthesis is the slippage of one or more of the bones of the spine (vertebra) from its correct position. There are many causes for the slippage, but most cases are due to overuse.
Learn MoreSpondylolysis
Spondylolysis is a stress fracture of the vertebrae (back bones). The fracture does not involve the main weight-bearing part, or body of the vertebrae.
Learn MoreSports and Children with Special Needs
Children with special needs are sometimes not encouraged to exercise, because their parents or guardians fear they'll be injured. But physical activity is as important for children with special needs as it is for any child.
Learn MoreSports Hernia
A sports hernia is a soft tissue injury in the groin area. It often occurs during sports that require repeated kicking or quick change of direction.
Learn MoreSports Injuries and Children
Detailed information on sports injuries in children, including overuse injuries, sprains, strains, and heat-related illnesses
Learn MoreSports Medicine: Adductor Muscle Strain
Adductors are a group of muscles that go from the pelvic bone down to the inner thigh and knee. An adductor strain is an injury to one of these muscles.
Learn MoreSports Medicine: Ankle Dislocation or Subluxation
The ankle joint is made up of two lower leg bones and a foot bone. A dislocation is an injury to a joint causing the bones to no longer meet together correctly. In the ankle, this can occur when the talus no longer is in position with the tibia and fibula. A subluxation is a partial dislocation.
Learn MoreSports Medicine: Anterior Ankle Impingement
Anterior ankle impingement is pain and pinching of bone, soft tissue or scar tissue at the front of the ankle. This can happen after a new or old injury.
Learn MoreSports Medicine: Anterior Tibialis Tendonitis
Anterior tibialis tendonitis is an injury of the anterior tibialis tendon in the front of the ankle where it meets the foot. The tendon is important in pulling the foot up (dorsiflexion), lifting the foot off the ground while running, and in turning the foot inward (inversion).
Learn MoreSports Medicine: Apophysitis of the 5th Metatarsal Iselin’s Disease
Iselin’s disease is pain and swelling of the growth plate (apophysis) of the 5th metatarsal.
Learn MoreSports Medicine: Cervical Strain and Sprain
A cervical strain or sprain is an injury to the muscles or ligaments in the back of the neck.
Learn MoreSports Medicine: Degenerative Disc Disease
Degenerative disc disease is the slow breakdown of one or more intervertebral discs.
Learn MoreSports Medicine: Deltoid Ligament Sprain
The deltoid ligament is a triangle-shaped ligament on the inner ankle which is stronger and more compact than the outer ligaments. Deltoid injuries are very rare and most happen with eversion or along with a high ankle sprain.
Learn MoreSports Medicine: Herniated Disc
A herniated disc is a condition that affects the spine. A disc has a tough outside shell and jelly-like center. A herniated disc occurs when the jelly-like contents of the disc leak out.
Learn MoreSports Medicine: High Ankle Sprain
A high ankle sprain is the stretching and/or tearing of the ligaments that connect the shin bones just above the ankle. High ankle sprains are less common than other ankle sprains and typically more severe.
Learn MoreSports Medicine: Kyphosis and Lordosis
Kyphosis and lordosis refer to the natural curves of the spine in the mid-back and low back. Sometimes these curves can be larger than normal which can lead to pain.
Learn MoreSports Medicine: Low Back Strain/Sprain
The low back is a complex structure of bone and muscle that is supported by cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and fed by a network of blood vessels and nerves. Certain motions, such as bending, twisting or lifting, can sometimes lead to a low back strain or sprain.
Learn MoreSports Medicine: Osgood Schlatter Disease
Osgood-Schlatter disease is an inflammation (swelling) of the growth plate of the leg just below the knee at the tibial tubercle (the bump below the kneecap).
Learn MoreSports Medicine: Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFS)
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome is pain in the knee due to increased pressure between the kneecap and the thigh bone. Usually a result of poor alignment or sudden growth spurts, this pain may also come from an injury to the knee.
Learn MoreSports Medicine: Posterior Tibialis Tendonitis
Posterior tibialis tendonitis is an injury of the posterior tibialis tendon in the back of the inner ankle.
Learn MoreSports Medicine: Salter-Harris Fracture-Type I of Distal Fibula
A Salter-Harris type 1 fracture is the mildest type of fracture that can occur to a growth plate.
Learn MoreSports Medicine: Sever's Disease
Sever’s disease is a painful condition of the heel that occurs in growing children.
Learn MoreSports Medicine: Shoulder Impingement Syndrome
Impingement syndrome is pain in the shoulder caused by pinching of the rotator cuff muscles beneath the edge of the shoulder blade (acromion).
Learn MoreSports Safety for Children
Because they are still growing, children are more susceptible to sports injuries. Half of those injuries could be prevented with proper safety gear, safer playing environments, and established safety rules.
Learn MoreSports Safety—Identifying High-Risk Situations
Playing sports has many benefits for a child. But the correct safety measures need to be taken. Read on to learn more.
Learn MoreStress Fracture
A fracture is a broken bone. A stress fracture is a complete or incomplete break in a bone. It is caused by repetitive activity.
Learn MoreTarsal Coalition
Tarsal coalition occurs when there is an abnormal connection between the bones in the back of the foot (tarsal bones). There may be no symptoms, but often some develop in the early teens or as a young adult.
Learn MoreThe Pediatric Sports Medicine Specialist
A pediatric sports medicine specialist is a healthcare provider who helps children with injuries caused during sports or athletic activities.
Learn MoreTibial Stress Fracture
The tibia (shin bone) is the larger, and major weight bearing bone, of the two lower leg bones. A tibial stress fracture is a complete or incomplete break that develops over time, usually as a result of repeated activity.
Learn MoreTopic Index - Adolescent Medicine
Detailed information on adolescent medicine, including growth and development, cognitive development, relationship development, health and injury problems, and safety
Learn MoreTurf Toe
Turf toe is an injury to the capsule and ligaments of the joint at the base of the big (first) toe. Pain is usually worst on the bottom of the foot.
Learn MoreVertebral Compression Fracture
A vertebral compression fracture happens when the backbone (vertebra) breaks by being squeezed.
Learn MoreWatching for Internal Sports Injury in a Child
Internal abdominal injuries from blunt trauma are serious injuries that occur when the body hits or collides with a large object. These types of injuries are most common in contact sports like football, ice hockey, soccer, and lacrosse.
Learn MoreWhat Is Sports Medicine
Sports medicine healthcare providers have special training to restore function to injured patients so they can get moving again as soon as possible. They are experts on preventing illness and injury in active people.
Learn MoreWorkouts to Help Prevent Sports Injuries
It may not always be possible to avoid injury when playing sports, especially physical contact sports. But there are things kids can do to protect themselves. Preparing before and after a game or practice session by warming up muscles and then stretching can help.
Learn More
Helping Hands Patient Education Materials
Written and illustrated by medical, nursing and allied health professionals at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Helping Hand instructions are intended as a supplement to verbal instructions provided by a medical professional. The information is periodically reviewed and revised to reflect our current practice. However, Nationwide Children's Hospital is not responsible for any consequences resulting from the use or misuse of the information in the Helping Hands.