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VACTERL Association
VACTERL association is a complex condition that affects up to seven areas of the body. It appears differently in everyone, but at least three areas of the body must be impacted for this diagnosis.
Learn MoreVaginal Anomalies
Vaginal anomalies are disorders that involve abnormally formed or absent vaginas. These include: vaginal agenesis, imperforate hymen, septate hymen, transverse vaginal septum and transverse vaginal septum. These occur in about 5% of females with an anorectal malformation/imperforate anus.
Learn MoreVaginal Atresia
Vaginal atresia is a condition a child is born with. The vagina might not be formed completely, meaning it is closed or absent. Treatment includes dilators or surgery.
Learn MoreVaginal Discharge
It is normal for women to have some vaginal discharge. Normal vaginal discharge is thin like mucus and clear, white or slightly yellow. It usually has no unpleasant odor and is not itchy or irritating.
Learn MoreVaginal Discharge
It is normal for women to have some vaginal discharge. The presence of vaginal discharge alone does not mean there is an infection. Signs of an infection include vaginal itching, burning or irritation, and unpleasant odor.
Learn MoreVaginal Stenosis
Vaginal stenosis is a condition where the vagina becomes narrower and shorter. It can make it hurt to have sex or use tampons.
Learn MoreVaginal Yeast Infection
A vaginal yeast infection occurs when you have an overgrowth of candida or yeast in the vagina. The fungus candida albicans is the most common organism that causes vaginal yeast infections.
Learn MoreVaricoceles
A varicocele is a mass of swollen blood vessels in the spermatic cord – the structure in the scrotum that connects the testicles to the body.
Learn MoreVaricoceles in Children
A varicocele is when veins in the scrotum have become large and swollen (dilated). The condition is like varicose veins that occur in the legs. Here's what you need to know.
Learn MoreVascular Malformations and Hemangiomas
The term “birthmark” may be a misnomer. These usually harmless skin discolorations can appear any time in the first few months after birth. They’re generally nothing to worry about. But, in some cases, they may need treatment. Here are the most common birthmarks and what to do if they show up on your child.
Learn MoreVelocardiofacial Syndrome
Velocardiofacial Syndrome is also known as 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
Learn MoreVelopharyngeal Dysfunction (VPD)
Velopharyngeal dysfunction, or VPD, occurs when the soft palate cannot separate the back of the mouth from the nose during speech, swallowing, or both. VPD can be caused by structural differences in the soft palate and pharynx, or muscular causes.
Learn MoreVelopharyngeal Dysfunction (VPD)
Velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) is the inadequate separation of the oral and nasal cavities during speech and/or swallowing. At Nationwide Children’s Hospital, our experts in the Velopharyngeal Dysfunction Program provide specialized treatment for patients with speech disorders resulting from VPD.
Learn MoreVentricular Septal Defect (VSD)
A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the heart. It changes blood flow, making the heart work harder. It can be treated with surgery or catheterization.
Learn MoreVentriculomegaly
Ventriculomegaly is a condition in which the brain ventricles are enlarged due to build-up of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a fluid that protects the brain and spinal cord. The severity of ventriculomegaly depends on how enlarged the brain is. In some cases, fluid keeps building up, causing hydrocephalus.
Learn MoreVertebral Compression Fracture
A vertebral compression fracture happens when the backbone (vertebra) breaks by being squeezed.
Learn MoreVertigo
Vertigo is the medical word for the feeling of spinning. Your child may feel like the world is moving, but there is no movement. These feelings come and go.
Learn MoreVery Low Birth Weight
Very low birth weight is a term used to describe babies who are born weighing less than 3 pounds, 4 ounces. It is very rare that babies are born this tiny. Only about 1 in 100 babies born in the U.S. are very low birth weight.
Learn MoreVesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the abnormal backward flow of urine from the bladder to the kidneys. This backwards flow increases the child’s risk of urinary tract and kidney infections.
Learn MoreVesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) in Children
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a condition where urine in the bladder flows in the wrong direction. It goes up into the tubes (ureters) that lead to the kidneys.
Learn MoreViral Skin Infections
Detailed information on viral skin infections, including Herpes Zoster (Shingles), Pityriasis Rosea, Warts, and Molluscum Contagiosum
Learn MoreViruses, Bacteria, and Parasites in the Digestive Tract
Detailed information on viruses, bacteria, and parasites in the digestive tract.
Learn MoreVision Problems
Eye disorders in children are either refractive or nonrefractive errors. Refractive errors are caused by the shape of the eye. Nonrefractive errors are caused by disease.
Learn MoreVisual Screening and Eye Examinations
Detailed information on visual screening tests in children
Learn MoreVitamin D Deficiency
Vitamin D keeps our bodies healthy and builds strong bones. It does this by helping the body absorb calcium and phosphorous from foods and supplements. If your child has a vitamin D deficiency it means they do not have enough vitamin D in their body.
Learn MoreVitamin K Deficiency Bleeding (VKDB) of the Newborn
Vitamin K deficiency bleeding is a problem that occurs in some newborns. It happens during the first few days of life. This condition used to be called hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Learn MoreVocal Fold Nodules
Vocal fold or vocal cord nodules are small, non-cancerous growths on your child’s vocal cords. They are often caused by voice abuse. Over time, your child’s repeated misuse of the vocal folds results in soft, swollen spots on each vocal fold.
Learn MoreVoiding Dysfunction
If a child over the age of 4 has difficulties holding their urine (urinary incontinence) and physicians are unable to identify an anatomical or neurological cause, they may diagnose the child with voiding dysfunction.
Learn MoreVolar Plate Injuries
The volar plate is a thick ligament that connects two bones in the finger. A volar plate injury is commonly called a jammed finger or sprain. This happens when the finger is bent backward too far (hyperextended). These injuries can also lead to a fracture (break) called an avulsion fracture.
Learn MoreVomiting
Vomiting (throwing up) is most often caused by a virus or stomach bug. Some serious illnesses may also cause vomiting. Vomiting caused by a virus usually lasts only a couple of days. It can often be treated at home.
Learn MoreVon Willebrand Disease
Von Willebrand Disease is caused by low amounts or structural abnormalities in a protein called Von Willebrand Factor. This results in prolonged clotting and easy bleeding and bruising.
Learn MoreVon Willebrand Disease (VWD)
Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is an inherited disorder that affects the blood's ability to clot.
Learn MoreVulva Abnormalities
To diagnose vulvar disorders and diseases, a doctor will take a complete medical history to find out about symptoms and how long they have been happening.
Learn MoreVulvovaginitis
Vulvovaginitis is inflammation and irritation of the genital area. This may occur in females of any age, but it most often occurs in girls who have not started puberty.
Learn More
Helping Hands Patient Education Materials
Written and illustrated by medical, nursing and allied health professionals at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Helping Hand instructions are intended as a supplement to verbal instructions provided by a medical professional. The information is periodically reviewed and revised to reflect our current practice. However, Nationwide Children's Hospital is not responsible for any consequences resulting from the use or misuse of the information in the Helping Hands.