Mark E. Peeples, Ph.D.

Mark E. Peeples, PhD is a Princlpal Investigator and member of the Center for Vaccines and Immunity at The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and a Professor of Pediatrics at The Ohio State University College of Medicine. Dr. Peeples' research focus is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Each year RSV is the number one cause of hospitalization of children in the developed word, the cause of over 100,000 infant deaths in the developing world, as well as a major cause of death in the elderly, just behind influenza virus. His NIH-funded research is solving the mysteries of the first two steps of RSV infection, attachment and fusion. The two proteins that perform these critical functions are the major targets for vaccine development and for antiviral drug development. Dr. Peeples' lab is also funded by and works closely with pharmaceutical partners in these endeavors.

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Gender:

• Male

Languages Spoken:

• English

Research Center:

• Center for Vaccines and Immunity

Areas of Interest:

• Dr. Peeples’ laboratory is working to understand how RSV attacks the cells that line the human airways. They isolate these cells from tissue and grow them in the lab. They have found that RSV infects only the cells with hair-like ‘cilia’ in these cultures. They have also found that RSV binds to these cells in a different way than it binds to laboratory cell lines. The airway cell ‘receptor’ that binds to RSV could be a target for novel antiviral drugs. In addition, they have found that the RSV produced by these human airway cells is much more infectious for fresh human airway cells than is RSV produced from laboratory cell lines. The reason for this is that the viral attachment protein is modified differently in the human airway cells. After attaching to the cell, the virus membrane fuses with the target cell membrane, spilling the viral genome into the cell to initiate infection. The RSV fusion (F) protein causes this membrane fusion as it converts from its pretriggered form to its posttriggered form. The Peeples’ lab is working to identify the trigger point on the RSV F protein and what causes it to trigger. Their collaborator in the Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Dr. Will Ray, has constructed models of both forms of the F protein. These models have led to novel ideas on how F is triggered which Dr. Peeples’ lab is testing. His lab has also been able to produce a soluble version of the RSV F protein in its pretriggered form and found that low salt conditions cause it to trigger. They are using this system to study the mechanism of action for drugs known to target the RSV F protein. In Cystic Fibrosis patients, these same ciliated cells in the airway lining do not express a functional CFTR channel. As a result, the water balance is not maintained such that the mucus becomes very thick, paralyzing the cilia and their ability to sweep bacteria up and out of the airways. Since RSV naturally infects these ciliated cells, the Peeples’ lab is developing RSV as a potential gene therapy vector with the ultimate goal of treating children with Cystic Fibrosis. They have been able to make an altered ‘replicon’ form of RSV that does not kill cells, to express the CFTR channel from this replicon, and to package the replicon into virus particles ready for delivery to target cells.

Post Doctoral

• Wayne State University School of Medicine
  Date Completed: 06/30/1978

Fellowship

• University of Massachusetts Medical School
  Date Completed: 06/30/1983

2007–present

• Professor, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.

2004–present

• Member, Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.

1993–2004

• Professor, Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush Medical College and Division of Immunology, Graduate College, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois.

1990–1998

• Associate Chairman, Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush Medical College, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois.

1989–2004

• Head, Section of Virology, Rush Medical College, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois.

1988–1992

• Associate Professor, Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush Medical College and Division of Immunology, Graduate College, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois.

1983–1988

• Assistant Professor, Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush Medical College and Division of Immunology, Graduate College, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois.

1980–1983

• Instructor, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester, Massachusetts.

1978–1980

• Postdoctotal Fellow, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester, Massachussetts.

1997

• Sabbatical: Respiratory Virus Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland

• Lo, M.K., Peeples, M.E., Bellini, W.J., Nichol, S.T., Rota, P.A., Spiropoulou, C.F. 2012. Distinct and overlapping roles of nipah virus p gene products in modulating the human endothelial cell antiviral response.  PLoS One. Vol. 7, no. 10. (October): ee47790.
• McGillivary, G., Jordan, Z.B., Peeples, M.E., Bakaletz, L.O. 2012. Replication of Respiratory Syncytial Virus is Inhibited by the Host Defense Molecule Viperin.  J. Innate Immun.. Vol. 5, no. September: 60-71.
• Costello, H.M., Ray, W.C., Chaiwatpongsakorn, S., and Peeples, M.E. 2012. Targeting RSV with vaccines and small molecule drugs.  Infect Disord Drug Targets. Vol. 12, no. 2. (April): 110-28.
• Ioannidis, I., McNally, E., Willette, M., Peeples, M.E., Chaussabel, D., Durbin, J., Ramilo, O., Mejias, A., Flano, E. 2012. Plasticity and virus-specificity of the airway epithelial cell immune response during respiratory viral infection.  J. Virol.. Vol. 86, no. 10. (March): 5422-36.
• San-Juan-Vergara, H., Sampayo-Escobar, V., Reyes, N., Cha, B., Pacheco-Lugo, L., Wong, T., Peeples, M.E., Collins, P.L., Castano, M.E., and Mohapatra, S.S. 2012. Cholesterol-rich microdomains as docking platforms for respiratory syncytial virus in normal human bronchial epithelial cells.  J Virol. Vol. 86, no. 3. (February): 1832-1843.
• Chaiwatpongskorn S, Epand RF, Collins PL, Epand RM and Peeples ME. 2011. Soluble respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein in the fully cleaved, pre-triggered state is triggered by exposure to low ionic strength buffer.  J Virol. Vol. 85, no. 8. (April): 3968-3977.
• Malykhina O, Yednak MA, Collins PL, Olivo PD, and Peeples ME. 2011. A respiratory syncytial virus replicon that is nonsytotoxic and capable of long-term foreign gene expression.  J Virol. Vol. 85, no. 10. (January): 4792-4801.
• Kwilas, A.R., Yednak, M.A., Zhang, L., Leisman, R., Collins, P.L., Pickles, R.J., and Peeples, M.E. 2010. Respiratory syncytial virus engineered to express the Cystic Fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator corrects the bioelectric phenotype of human Cystic Fibrosis airway epithelium in vitro.  J Virol. Vol. 84, no. June: 7770-7781.
• Grieves, J.L., Jurcisek, J.D., Quist, B., Durbin, R.K., Peeples, M.E., Durbin, J.E., and Bakaletz, L.O. 2010. Mapping the anatomy of respiratory syncytial virus infection in the upper airway in chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera).  Comparative Medicine. Vol. 60, no. January: 225-232.
• Lo, M.K., Harcourt, B.H., Mungall, B.A., Tamin, A., Peeples, M.E., Bellini, W.J., and Rota, P.A. 2009. Determination of the henipavirus phosphoprotein gene mRNA editing frequencies and detection of the C, V, and W proteins of Nipah virus in virus-infected cells.  J. Gen. Virol. Vol. 90, no. January: 398-404.
• Hasman, H., Pachucki, C.T., Unal, A., Nguyen, D., Devlin, T., Peeples, M.E., and Kwilas, S.A. 2009. Aetiology of influenza-like illness in adults includes parainfluenzavirus type 4.  J. Med. Micro. Vol. 58, no. January: 408-413.
• Kwilas S, Liesman R.M., Zhang L, Pickles R.J., Walsh E, and Peeples M.E. 2009. Respiratory syncytial virus grown in Vero cells contains a truncated attachment protein that alters its tiopism.  J. Virology. Vol. 83, no. 20. (January): 10710-10718.
• McGillivary, G., Mason, K.M., Jurcisek, J.A., Peeples, M.E., and Bakaletz, L.O. 2009. RSV-induced dysregulation of expression of a mucosal B-defensin augments colonization of the upper airway by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae.  Cellular Microbiology. Vol. 11, no. 9. (January): 1399-1408.
• Hallak L.K., Kwilas S.A., Peeples M.E. 2007. Interaction between Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Glycosaminoglycans, Including Heraran Sulfate. In In Sugrue, Glycovirology Protocols. Totowa: The Humana Press.
• Moore, P.E., Cunningham, G., Calder, M.M., Dematteo, Jr A.D., Peeples, M.E., Summar, M.L., Peebles, Jr R.S. 2006. Respiratory syncytial virus infection reduces B2-adrenergic responses in human airway smooth muscle.  Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.
• Laliberte, J.P., McGinnes, L.W., Peeples, M.E., and Morrison, T.G. 2006. Integrity of membrane lipid rafts is necessary for the ordered assembly and release of infectious Newcastle disease virus particles.  J. Virol.
• Pantua H.D., McGinnes, L.W., Peeples, M.E., and Morrison, T.G. 2006. Requirements for the assembly and release of Newcastle disease virus-like particles.  J. Virol.
• Guerrero-Plata, A., Casola, A., Suarez, G., Xiang, Y., Spech, L., Peeples, M.E., and Garofalo, R.P. 2006. Differential response of dendritic cells to human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus.  Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol..
• Guerrero-Plata, A., Casola, A., Suarez, G., Xiang, Y., Spech, L., Peeples, M.E., and Garofalo, R.P. 2006. Differential response of dendritic cells to human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus.  Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol..
• Gower, T.L., Pastey, M.K., Peeples, M.E., Collins, P.L., McCurdy, L.H., Hart, T.K., Guth, A., Johnson, T., and Graham, B.S. 2005. RhoA signaling is required for respiratory syncytial virus-induced syncytium formation and filamentous virion morphology.  J. Virol.,.
• Zhang, L., Bukreyev, A., Thompson, C.I., Watson, B., Peeples, M.E., Collins, P.L., and Pickles, R.J. 2005. Infection of ciliated cells by human parainfluenza virus type 3 in an in vitro model of human airway epithelium.  J. Virol.,.
• Tenorio, A.R., Peeples, M.E., Patri, M., Rezai, K., and Trenholme, G.M. 2004. Evolution of vaccinia virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in primary vaccines and revaccinees.  Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology.
• Kong, X., San Juan, H., Behera, A., Peeples, M.E., Wu, J., Lockey, R.F., Mohapatra, S.S. 2004. ERK-1/2 activity is required for efficient RSV infection.  FEBS Letters.
• San-Juan-Vergara, H., Peeples, M.E., Lockey, R.F., and Mohapatra, S.S. 2004. Protein kinase C-ï?¡ activity is required for respiratory syncytial virus fusion to human bronchial epithelial cells.  J. Virol..
• Borrego-Diaz, E., Peeples, M.E., Markosyan, R.M., Melikyan, G.B., and Cohen, F.S. 2003. Completion of trimeric hairpin formation of influenza virus hemagglutinin is critical for the transition from hemifusion to fusion.  Virology.
• Barretto, N., Hallak, L., and Peeples, M.E. 2003. Neuraminidase treatment of respiratory syncytial virus-infected cells or virions, but not target cells, enhances cell-cell fusion and infection.  Virology.
• Techaarpornkul, S., Collins, P.L., and Peeples, M.E. 2002. Respiratory syncytial virus containing the fusion protein as its only glycoprotein attaches to cells via either glycosaminoglycans or another molecule.  Virology.
• Fearns, R., Peeples, M.E. and Collins, P.L. 2002. Mapping the transcription and replication promoters of respiratory syncytial virus.  J. Virol.
• Zhang, L., Peeples, M.E., Boucher, R., Collins, P.L., Pickles, R. 2002. Respiratory syncytial virus infection of human airway epithelial airway cells is polarized, specific to ciliated cells, and without obvious cytopathology.  J. Virol..
• Techaarpornkul, S., Barretto, N., and Peeples, M.E. 2001. Functional analysis of recombinant respiratory syncytial virus deletion mutants lacking the SH and/or G glycoprotein genes.  J. Virol.
• Gower, T.L., Peeples, M.E., Collins, P.L., Graham, B.S. 2001. Rho A is activated during respiratory syncytial virus infection.  Virology.
• Phuangsab, A., Lorence, R.M., Reichard, K.W., Peeples, M.E., and Walter, R.J. 2001. Newcastle disease virus therapy of human tumor xenografts: antitumor effects of local or systemic administration.  Cancer Letters.
• Sutherland, K.A., Collins, P.L., and Peeples, M.E. 2001. Synergistic effects of gene-end signal mutations and the M2-1 protein on transcription termination by respiratory syncytial virus.  Virology.
• Hallak, L.K., Collins, P.L., Knudson, W. and Peeples, M.E. 2000. Iduronic acid-containing glycosaminoglycans on target cells are required for efficient respiratory syncytial virus infection.  Virology.
• Peeples, M.E. and Collins, P.L. 2000. Mutations in the 5'-trailer region of a respiratory syncytial virus minigenome which limit RNA replication to one step.  J. Virol.
• Fearns, R., Collins, P.L. and Peeples, M.E. 2000. Functional analysis of the genomic and antigenomic promoters of human respiratory syncytial virus.  J. Virol.
• Hallak, L.K., Spillmann, D., Collins, P.L., and Peeples, M.E. 2000. Glycosaminoglycan sulfation requirements for respiratory syncytial virus infection.  J. Virol.
• Jaovisidha, P., Peeples, M.E., Brees, A., Carpenter, L.R. and Moy, J.N. 1999. Respiratory syncytial virus stimulates neutrophil degranulation and chemokine release.  J. Immunology.
• Atreya, P.L., Peeples, M.E., and Collins, P.L. 1998. The NS1 protein of human respiratory syncytial virus is a potent inhibitor of minigenome transcription and RNA replication.  J. Virol.
• Olivo, P.A., Collins, P.L., Peeples, M.E., and Schlessinger, S. 1998. Detection and quantitation of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) using minigenome cDNA and a Sindbis virus replicon: A prototype assay for negative-strand RNA viruses.  Virology.
• Fearns, R., Peeples, M.E., and Collins, P.L. 1997. Increased expression of the N protein of respiratory syncytial virus stimulates minigenome replication but does not alter the balance between the synthesis of mRNA and antigenome.  Virology.
• Mehdi, H., Yang, X., and Peeples, M.E. 1996. An altered form of apolipoprotein H binds hepatitis B surface antigen most efficiently.  Virology.
• Mehdi, H., Tan, G.T., Pezzuto, J.M., Fong, H.H.S., Farnsworth, N.R., El-Feraly, F.S., Al-Yahya, M.A., Mossa, J.S., Peeples, M.E., Kernan, M.R., Rozhon, E.J. 1996. Cell culture assay system for the evaluation of natural product-mediated anti-hepatitis B virus activity.  Phytomedicine.
• Saifuddin, M., Parker, C.J., Peeples, M.P., Gorney, M.K., Zolla-Pazner, S., Ghassemi, M., Rooney, I.A., Atkinson, J.P., Spear, G.T. 1996. Role of virion-associated glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol-linked proteins CD55 and CD59 in complement resistance of cell line-derived and primary isolates of HIV-1.  J. Exper. Med.
• Wang, C. and Peeples, M.E. 1995. Intracellular maturation of the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein is affected by strain differences in the predicted amphipathic ï?¡-helix adjacent to the fusion domain.  Virology.
• Lorence, R.M., Reichard, K.W., Katubig, B.B., Reyes, H.M., Phuangsab, A., Mitchell, B.R., Cascino, C.J., Walter, R.J., and Peeples, M.E. 1994. Complete regression of human neuroblastoma xenografts in athymic mice after local Newcastle disease virus therapy.  J. Natl. Cancer Inst.
• Lorence, R.M., Katubig, B.B., Reichard, K.W., Reyes, H.M., Phuangsab, A., Sassetti, M.D., Walter, R. J., and Peeples, M.E. 1994. Complete regression of human fibrosarcoma xenografts after local Newcastle disease virus therapy.  Cancer Research.
• Mehdi, H., Kaplan, M.J., Anlar, F.Y., Yang, X., Bayer, R., Sutherland, K., and Peeples, M.E. 1994. Hepatitis B virus surface antigen binds to apolipoprotein H.  J. Virol.
• Coleman, N. and Peeples, M.E. 1993. The matrix protein of Newcastle disease virus localizes to the nucleus via a bipartite nuclear localization signal.  Virology.
• Reichard, K.W., Katubig, B.B., Reyes, H.M., Peeples, M.E. and Lorence, R.M. 1993. Retinoic acid enhances killing of neuroblastoma cells by Newcastle disease virus.  J. Ped. Surg..
• Anderson, K.M., Peeples, M.E. Kessler, H., and Harris, J.E. 1993. Neither ETYA nor A63162 inhibit Newcastle disease, herpes simplex or simian virus 40 replication: implications for their mechanism of action.  Clin. Physiol. Biochem..
• Sergel, T., McGinnes, L.W., Peeples, M.E. and Morrison, T.G. 1993. The attachment function of the Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein can be separated from fusion promotion by mutation.  Virology.
• Melikyan, G.B., Niles, W.D., Peeples, M.E. and Cohen, F.S. 1993. Influenza hemagglutinin-mediated fusion pores connecting cells to planar membranes: flickering to final expansion.  J. Gen. Physiol.
• Sellar, G.C., Keane, J., Mehdi, H., Peeples, M.E., Browne, N. and Whitehead, A.S. 1993. Characterization and acute phase modulation of canine apolipoprotein H ( 2-glycoprotein I).  Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm..
• Reichard K.E., Lorence R.M., Casono C.J., Peeples M.E., Walter R.J., and Reyes H.M. 1992. N-myc oncogene enhances the sensitivity of neuroblastoma to killing by Newcastle disease virus. In Surgical Forums. Chicago: American College of Surgeons.
• Wang, C., Raghu, G., Morrison, T. Peeples, M.E. 1992. Intracellular processing of the paramyxovirus F protein: critical role of the predicted amphipathic alpha helix adjacent to the fusion domain.  J. Virol.
• Reichard, K.W., Lorence, R.M., Cascino, C.J., Peeples, M.E., Walter, R.J., Fernando, M.B., Reyes, H.M. and Greager, J.A. 1992. Newcastle disease virus selectively kills human tumor cells.  J. Surg. Res.
• Nelson, J.A., Wolf, M.D., Yuh, W.T.C. and Peeples, M.E. 1992. Cranial nerve involvement with Lyme borreliosis demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging.  Neurology.
• Wolf, M.D., Folk, J.C., Nelson, J.A. and Peeples, M.E. 1992. Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy and Lyme disease.  Arch. Ophthalmol.
• Peeples, M.E., Wang, C., Gupta, K.C. and Coleman, N. 1992. Nuclear entry and nucleolar localization of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) matrix protein occurs early in infection and does not require other NDV proteins.  J. Virol.
• Mehdi, H., Nunn, M., Steel, D.M., Whitehead, A.S., Perez, M., Walker, L. and Peeples, M.E. 1991. Nucleotide sequence and expression of the human gene encoding apolipoprotein H (B2-glycoprotein I).  Gene.
• Nelson, J.A., Bouseman, J.K., Kitron, U., Callister, S.M., Harrison, B., Bankowski, M.J., Peeples, M.E., Newton, B.J. and Anderson, J.F. 1991. Isolation and characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi from Illinois Ixodes dammini.  J. Clin. Microbiol.
• Niles, W.D., Peeples, M.E. and Cohen, F.S. 1990. Kinetics of virus-induced hemolysis measured for single erythrocytes.  Virology.
• Komai, K. and Peeples, M.E. 1990. B virus surface antigen particles are internalized by Vero cells.  Virology.
• Nelson, J.A., Bankowski, M.J., Newton, B.J., Benson, C.A., Kaplan, R., Landau, W., Trenholme, G.M. and Peeples, M.E. 1990. Detection of antibodies in late lyme disease.  J. Infect. Dis..
• Pontisso, P., Petit, M.-A., Bankowski, M.J. and Peeples, M.E. 1989. Human liver membranes contain receptors for the hepatitis B virus pre-S1 region and, via polymerized human serum albumin, for the pre-S2 region.  J. Virol.
• Peeples, M.E., Glickman, R.L., Gallagher, J.P. and Bratt, M.A. 1988. Temperature-sensitive mutants of Newcastle disease virus altered in HN glycoprotein size, stability, or antigenic maturity.  Virology.
• Komai, K., Kaplan, M. and Peeples, M.E. 1988. The Vero cell receptor for the hepatitis B virus small S protein is a sialoglycoprotein.  Virology.
• Faaberg, K.S. and Peeples, M.E. 1988. Strain variation and nuclear location of the Newcastle disease virus matrix protein.  J. Virol.
• Faaberg, K.S. and Peeples, M.E. 1988. Association of the soluble matrix protein of Newcastle disease virus with liposomes is independent of ionic conditions.  Virology.
• Peeples, M.E. 1988. Differential detergent treatment allows immunofluorescent localization of the matrix protein of Newcastle disease virus within the nucleus of infected cells.  Virology.
• Peeples M.E. 1987. A ts mutant of Newcastle disease virus that is defective in F cleavage and antiboly binding under nonpermissive conditions. In The Biology of Negative Strand Viruses. New York: Elsevier Biomedical Press.
• Pontisso P, Bankowski M.J., Petit M.A., and Peeples M.E. 1987. Recombinant HBsAg particles cotaining pre-S proteins bind to human liver plasma membranes. In Hepadna Viruses. New York: W. Robinson, K. Koike and H. Will.
• Morrison, T.G., Peeples, M.E. and McGinnes, L.W. 1987. Conformational change in a viral glycoprotein during maturation due to disulfide bond disruption.  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A..
• Peeples, M.E., Komai, K., Radek, R. and Bankowski, M.J. 1987. A cultured cell receptor for the small S protein of hepatitis B virus.  Virology.
• Peeples M.E., and Bratt M.A. 1984. Mapping mutant and wild-type M proteins of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) by repeated partial proteolysis. In Nonsegmented Negative Strand Viruses. New York: Academic Press.
• Peeples, M.E. and Bratt, M.A. 1984. Mutation in the matrix protein of Newcastle disease virus can result in decreased fusion glycoprotein incorporated into virion particles and decreased infectivity.  J. Virol.
• Peeples, M.E., Glickman, R.L. and Bratt, M.A. 1983. Thermostabilities of virion activities of Newcastle disease virus: evidence that the temperature-sensitive mutants in groups B, BC, and C have altered HN proteins.  J. Virol.
• Peeples, M.E., Rasenas, L.L. and Bratt, M.A. 1982. RNA synthesis by Newcastle disease virus temperature-sensitive mutants in two RNA-negative complementation groups.  J. Virol.
• Peeples, M.E. and Bratt, M.A. 1982. Virion functions of RNA+ temperature-sensitive mutants of Newcastle disease virus.  J. Virol.
• Peeples, M.E. and Bratt, M.A. 1982. UV irradiation analysis of complementation between, and replication of, RNA-negative temperature-sensitive mutants of Newcastle disease virus.  J. Virol.
• Peeples, M.E. and Levine, S. 1981. Characteristics of a persistent respiratory syncytial virus infection in HeLa cells.  Virology.
• Peeples M.E., Gallagher J.P., and Bratt M.A. 1981. Permissive temperature analysis of RNA temoerature-sensitive mutants of Newcastle disease virus. In The Replication of Negative Strand Viruses. New York: Elsevier North Holland, Inc.
• Peeples, M. and Levine, S. 1980. Metabolic requirements for the maturation of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus.  J. Gen. Virol.
• Peeples, M. and Levine, S. 1979. Respiratory syncytial virus polypeptides: their location in the virion.  Virology.
• Peeples, M.E. 1978. Studies on the polypeptide structure, the metabolic requirements for maturation, and persistence of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus in HeLa cell culture.  Doctoral Dissertation.
• Levine, S., Peeples, M. and Hamilton, R. 1977. The effect of respiratory syncytial virus infection on HeLa-cell macromolecular synthesis.  J. Gen. Virol.